admin – madeformagazine

Understanding the Gender Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Posted on | by

Understanding the Gender Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Helena Huynh
October 2024

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition typically following exposure to a traumatic event, with symptoms impacting day-to-day functioning, causing the person to re-experience their traumatic event, and affecting overall cognition and mood.^[1]According to the World Health Organization, over half of the global population–a shocking 70% of people–will experience a potentially traumatic event in their lives, with a minority of that population (5.6%) going on to develop PTSD.^[2]However, women are much more likely to develop PTSD, with lifetime prevalence rates being almost three times as frequent for women than for men.^[3]Why does this happen?

Types of Trauma

Women are much more likely to experience high-impact trauma, including sexual-related trauma and sexual assault. The CDC National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey conducted in 2010 found that 18.3% of women in the United States experienced rape at some point in their lives.^[3]That equates to an alarming rate of about 1 in 5 women. Exposure to sexual violence are associated with higher rates of PTSD.^[2]Additionally, women are also more likely to experience sexual abuse at younger ages compared to men.^[3]Trauma in early childhood has a strong impact on overall neurobiological development^[4]and also serves as a risk factor increasing the likelihood of developing PTSD.^[1]

Physiological Responses

Prior research has found several differences when it comes to psychobiological reactions to PTSD^[4]. For one, hormonal responses can potentially play a role in regulating trauma responses. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system within the body that regulates responses to stress, has been found to be more sensitive to stress and trauma. Additionally, studies have found that testosterone may possibly work to reduce HPA reactivity.^[5] On top of that, studies have found that women with PTSD are more likely to experience a reduced fear-extinction during the mid-luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, when oestradiol and progesterone levels are lowest.^[5]These hormones are related to cognitive-emotional processes relating to PTSD, and in trauma-exposed women without PTSD, researchers actually found the opposite result.^[5]

Understanding PTSD Symptoms and Comorbidities

When it comes to PTSD symptom expression, males and females tend to experience PTSD in a similar way.^[3]A study found that male and female veterans were about equally likely to report different PTSD symptoms on the PTSD Checklist^[3], a self-report measure looking at PTSD symptoms. However, when it comes to comorbidities, women are much more likely to experience internalizing disorders, including mood and anxiety-related disorders. Men, on the other hand, were much more likely to experience externalizing disorders, including substance abuse.^[3]

Overall, previous research has established a number of differences in the development and prevalence of PTSD in males and females. Given that much of the early research surrounding our knowledge of PTSD revolves around male war veterans^[3], we must continue adding to the literature. Increasing our understanding of why these gender differences develop can inform targeted interventions to ultimately help those who need it.

References

[1] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. National Institute of Mental Health.

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

[2] World Health Organization. (2024, May 27). Post-traumatic stress disorder. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

[3] Vogt, D. (2007, January 1). Va.gov: Veterans Affairs. Research on Women, Trauma and PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/specific/ptsd_research_women.asp#four

[4] Olff, M. (2017). Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: An update. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup4).

https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204

[5] Christiansen, D. M., & Berke, E. T. (2020). Gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(4).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1140-y

The Renaissance Man of the Modern Era

Posted on | by

The Renaissance Man of the Modern Era

Tanvir Bhamra
October 2024

The term “Renaissance man” according to The Book of the Courtier is described as a well-rounded individual, who excels in both intellectual and artistic talents. In contrast, a “renaissance woman” was expected to be modest and beautiful, with little encouragement to seek personal acclaim.^[4] Enter Bridget Mendler, a multi-talented actress, singer, and entrepreneur, who defies these historical gender norms and perfectly fits this definition of a “Renaissance man.”

She rose to fame through her most well-known role as Teddy Duncan in Good Luck Charlie (2010-2014), a popular Disney Channel series that cemented her as a beloved figure in entertainment. Simultaneously, she pursued a music career, releasing her debut album Hello My Name Is… in 2012, containing her hit single Ready or Not. The Renaissance in comparison, was well known for its rich art with big artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, placed on a pedestal for their realistic portrayal of human anatomy. Although Mendler’s music and acting career may not parallel the artistic talents of Renaissance masters, her work is widely loved and cherished by her fans. She further showcased her “renaissance” capabilities to transcend her artistic career and soon expanded her focus beyond creative endeavors.

From a young age, Mendler had been exposed to the technical side of the workforce but chose to follow her childhood dreams of acting. However, this familiarity didn’t come back until witnessing the behind-the-scenes work of Joi Ito, the former director of MIT Media Lab. This sparked her interest in the more human side of social media, particularly in how it fosters communications and shifts conversational contexts.^[3] In 2018, she officially shifted her focus to academics, enrolling as a PhD student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while earning her Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School.

In addition to her professional accomplishments, Mendler also carved out time for her personal life. In 2019, she married Griffin Cleverly, an engineer.^[7] The couple originally fostered a child in 2021 and later decided to adopt them the following year.^[5] In balancing career and family life, Mendler redefines the notion of “having it all,” showcasing that professional and personal fulfillment can coexist harmoniously. She exemplifies the modern “girlboss” as some may say, proving women can thrive across all aspects of life without sacrificing one for the other, challenging historical expectations.

Mendler’s entrepreneurial spirit extends even further. She is the CEO and co-founder of Northwood Space, a company aiming to revolutionize satellite technology—a field that has seen little innovation since the 1960s.^[1] Through this ambitious project, Mendler underscores her commitment to breaking barriers and advancing technology. She is making her mark by seeking to improve satellite reliability, speed, and efficiency and highlighting her broad and futuristic vision.^[2]

Far from the limited expectations placed on women during the Renaissance, Mendler’s journey exemplifies the transformative power of versatility, intelligence, and ambition in shaping a legacy that breaks historical constraints. Today, all women are more than capable of challenging restrictions against them and redefining success, embodying the modern “Renaissance person.”

References

[1] About Us. (n.d.). Northwood Space. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from https://www.northwoodspace.io/about-us

[2] Bloomberg Technology. (2024, Oct 11). Revolutionizing Outdated Space Tech [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3IRAsJ4FhFA?si=JZ02b7Axl1qmaoRj

[3] Bridgit Mendler Music. (2018, Sep 6). Bridgit Mendler speaks about Humanity + Tech @ Atlantic Live (09.05.2018) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/bhPmzS9Ua9o?si=6_icMoHbQmfZicDi

[4] Dukes, H. (2021, May 5). On *Sprezzatura*: Baldassare Castiglione’s *The Book of the Courtier* (1903 edition). The Public Domain Review. Retrieved November 9, 2024, from https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/baldassare-castiglione-the-book-of-the-courtier/

[5] Morman, H. (2024, March 6). Hot Take: Bridgit Mendler deserves more recognition. The Reflector. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://reflector-online.com/28264/opinion/hot-take-bridgit-mendler-deserves-more-recognition/

[6] Overview ‹ Bridgit Mendler — MIT Media Lab. (n.d.). MIT Media Lab. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://www.media.mit.edu/people/bridgitm/overview/

[7] Weiss, D. C. (2024, May 30). Disney Channel actress is now a Harvard Law grad—and that’s not all. ABA Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/disney-channel-actress-is-now-a-harvard-law-grad

Silent Struggles: Women’s Mental Health in the 1950’s

Posted on | by

Silent Struggles: Women’s Mental Health in the 1950’s

Harshitha Chaganti
October 2024

Today mental health awareness has been deeply engraved into society; however, for those alive during the 1950’s, like Marilyn Monroe and Rosemary Kennedey, the topic of mental health was seen as a taboo. Those who expressed struggles with their mental health were quickly labeled as “lunatics’ and often faced harsh prejudices. The experiences of the women that came forward made it even more unlikely that other women would follow. Women faced heightened mental health issues due to the expectation of perfection, with emotional struggles often dismissed as “hysteria” or weakness, leading to isolation and inadequate care. The lives of many celebrities and public figures is a powerful example of how this stigma affected women in the spotlight.

Those who expressed themselves were subjected to severe discrimination. Many were labeled as “unstable” or “hysterical,” leading to social isolation or damaged reputation, particularly for women. In Hollywood, this could mean being dropped from film roles, losing contracts, or being forced into secrecy to maintain a perfect public image.

Although Norma Jean Monroe was consistently seen in the spotlight by her stage name Marilyn, she was open about her struggles with depression and anxiety, at a time when admitting to such issues would ruin her career. Her decision to seek help likely stemmed from her childhood experiences, having grown up with a mother who was frequently in and out of asylums. Despite her efforts to seek out therapy, the limited understanding and support available at the time often left her feeling misunderstood and isolated.

Tragically, on August 5, 1962, she found dead from an apparent overdose, her death was ruled a probable suicide, though conspiracy theories have persisted over the years. Monroe had long struggled with her mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, compounded with her tumultuous personal life and highlighted the immense pressures she faced and the lack of effective mental health care during her time. Her death shocked the world and became a symbol of the darker side of fame and the toll it can take on mental health.

Back then, treatments for mental health issues were often harsh and limited. Common methods of treatments include things such as: electroconvulsive therapy(ECT), which involves sending electric currents through the brain, and lobotomies, a surgical procedure that aimed to reduce symptoms but often left patients with severe side effects. Psychoanalysis was also popular, with therapists exploring unconscious thoughts, but it wasn’t always effective. Many people were sent to mental institutions, where conditions could be poor and treatment was not always helpful.

A tragic and well-known cause of one of treatment involved Rose Marie “ Rosemary” Kennedy, the sister of former President John F. Kennedy. She underwent a lobotomy in 1941, a procedure that was intended to manage her mood swings and behavioral issues. However, the surgery left her with severe cognitive and physical impairments, requiring her to live in a care facility for the rest of her life. Her story highlights the dangers and lasting consequences of the harsh mental health treatments used during that era.

The experiences of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Rosemary Kennedy and others in the 1950s revealed the harsh realities and stigma surrounding mental health during the time. Limited understanding and extreme treatments often left individuals struggling in silence, facing damaging consequences.These stories highlight the importance of recognizing and addressing mental health issues with compassion and proper care, a shift that began to take root in the decades that followed.

References

[1] Blackford, M. (2024, April 20). Marilyn Monroe’s Drug Use And Mental Health Issues. FHE Health. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://fherehab.com/learning/marilyn-monroe-drug-use

[2] Danise, A. (2022, October 24). What The Life Of Marilyn Monroe Teaches Us About Mental Health And Success Against All Odds. Forbes. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshwilson/2022/10/24/what-the-life-of-marilyn-monroe-teaches-us-about-mental-health-and-success-against-all-odds

[3] Moore, S. (n.d.). Analyzing the Stigma Surrounding Mental Health. News-Medical. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Analyzing-the-Stigma-Surrounding-Mental-Health.aspx

[4] Rosemary Kennedy, The Eldest Kennedy Daughter (U.S. (2024, January 24). National Park Service. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/rosemary-kennedy-the-eldest-kennedy-daughter.htm

A Tough Pill to Swallow: Women’s Overmedication and Gender Discrimination in Clinics

Posted on | by

A Tough Pill to Swallow: Women’s Overmedication and Gender Discrimination in Clinics

Aarya Sawant
October 2024

Historically, women have been barred from being physicians due to a number of obstacles set in place. This has resulted in a male-centric view of medicine which has often cost women their lives due to ignorance in biological sex differences. Despite advances in gender equality, this gender bias persists in hospitals to this day.

Prescription drugs are a vital part of the healthcare system, and one that is only going to grow bigger with time as technology advances. Approximately 131 million people in the United states use prescription drugs–75% of whom are women.^[1] Children born in 2019 are predicted to spend half of their life taking medication, with women likely spending an estimated 60% (around 50 years) doing so.^[2] In fact, women are more likely to take drugs overall, due to obvious factors such as birth control and contraceptives.^[2]

With this in mind, it’s shocking to discover that women are excluded from clinical trials, usually due to the reasoning that hormone cycles will provide misleading results.^[3] Additionally, women of child-bearing age have been restricted from being tested due to fear of potential birth complications. Instead, men are considered the standard patient, making sweeping generalizations that cause real harm. This begins in the initial process as well, as male cells are used in early testing stages.^[3]

As a result, women make up the majority of reported adverse reactions to drugs. Side-effects can most commonly manifest as headaches, nausea, nosebleeds. In more serious cases, patients have been known to suffer from hallucinations, seizures, and cardiac irregularities. Men and women have different levels of metabolism, and women’s kidneys and livers have been observed to process drugs at different rates, as well as drugs lingering longer in the tissue.^[2] This issue affects as many as 86 drugs according to a 2020 study by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This includes widely used drugs such as aspirin, morphin, heparin, sertraline, and bupropion.^[4]

This doesn’t end with lab testing either, as it extends further to sexism in clinics. While reports from men of adverse side effects from prescription medication are often confirmed and reported by doctors, women’s are largely self-reported, showing a lack of seriousness when taking these cases into account.^[5]

It’s apparent that we need to change the way we test prescription drugs, as well as managing drug reports by women with a greater degree of seriousness than at present. Only by challenging and changing the long-standing biases within the medical community can we hope to improve health outcomes for women and create a more equitable healthcare system for all. As we look to the future, it is crucial to advocate for policies and practices that prioritize gender inclusivity, ultimately leading to safer and more effective medical care for everyone.

References

[1] Georgetown University. (2019). Prescription Drugs – Health Policy Institute. Health Policy Institute. https://hpi.georgetown.edu/rxdrugs/

[2] Americans will spend half their lives taking prescription drugs, study finds | Penn State University. (2019). Psu.edu. https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/americans-will-spend-half-their-lives-taking-prescription-drugs-study-finds

[3] Lerner, L. (2020, June 22). Women are overmedicated because drug dosage trials are done on men, study finds. University of Chicago News. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/women-are-overmedicated-because-drug-dosage-trials-are-done-men-study-find

[4] Zucker, I., & Prendergast, B. J. (2020). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(1). https://bsd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5[5] Lee, K. M. N., Rushovich, T., Gompers, A., Boulicault, M., Worthington, S., Lockhart, J. W., & Richardson, S. S. (2023). A Gender Hypothesis of sex disparities in adverse drug events. Social Science & Medicine, 339, 116385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116385

The Argument for Intermittent Fasting for Women

Posted on | by

The Argument for Intermittent Fasting for Women

Stephanie Szylar
October 2024

Health is an important topic on many women’s minds. One aspect of health is weight management. Obesity, according to the CDC in 2023, shows that a little over a third of adults in 23 states are considered obese, and obesity is now considered an epidemic. ^[1]One of the problems with obesity and increased fatty tissue is that it keeps the body in a state of chronic inflammation. This can lead to heart disease and cancer, which are the leading causes of death for women with diabetes. ^[5]There are many diets and food habits out there, with one example being intermittent fasting or IF. Is intermittent fasting a simple and effective way to stay healthy?

A quick science lesson

During digestion, the food we eat is broken down into simple molecules. Glucose is one of the molecules and is used for energy.^[5]When glucose levels are high, the body secretes insulin to help get the glucose into the cell so it can be used right away.^[5]Unused glucose is stored in several places in the body: including in the liver and muscles.^[5]Several hormones are also secreted during digestion which help regulate when we are full and when we are still hungry (leptin decreases appetite, and ghrelin increases appetite)^[5]. Carbohydrates and proteins turn into fat cells for storage.^[5]It takes about 6-8 hours to fully digest a meal and about 2-3 hours for a healthy body to direct where to use or store glucose. ^[5]

What is intermittent fasting?

In a nutshell, intermittent fasting can be described as scheduled periods of fasting mixed with periods of regular eating. A simple example is the hours in which we sleep. This is a fasting period. Other methods include 16/8 method (fasting 16 hours and eating healthy nutrition dense foods within an 8-hour period, or window) 12/12 method (eating healthy nutrition dense foods in a 12-hour period or window and fasting the other 12 hours), and 5:2 diet (regular eating of healthy nutrition dense foods 5 days a week and restricting calories for 2 days a week). ^[5]

Benefit of Intermittent Fasting?

Intermittent fasting can improve insulin sensitivity especially in those with diabetes. This can improve HbA1c, which is average glucose readings over the previous 3-month period. Weight loss due to the decreased caloric intake and reduced inflammation which can regulate blood sugar and decrease oxidative stress which is harmful to cells leading to cancer ^[5] One study suggests IF effects reproductive hormones like androgen markers (testosterone and the free androgen index) which can be used to treat hyperandrogenism in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by improving menstruation and fertility ^[2]

What are the downsides and who shouldn’t practice intermittent fasting?

When long fasting begins there can be side effects such as headaches, tiredness, constipation, irritability. Also, if intermittent fasting is practiced incorrectly, dehydration and malnutrition can happen.^[3]There are also groups of people who should avoid intermittent fasting. These include those who have diabetes type 1, pregnant/breastfeeding, low bone density, eating disorders, weakened immune systems (HIV/AIDS, undergoing chemotherapy). ^[5]So it is important to work with a licensed healthcare provider and/or nutritionist to find out if fasting is a good option.

Is your interest peaked? Last thoughts

Intermittent fasting along with regular physical activity can optimize health and overall well-being now and for the future for certain groups of people. Always be sure to check with your doctor about specific health histories and any monitoring that has to be done before starting an intermittent fasting program and during the process to monitor the outcomes.

References

[1] CDC (2024). New CDC data show adult obesity prevalence remains high. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/p0912-adult-obesity.html#:~:text=New%20CDC%20p opulation%20data%20from%202023%20show%20that,in%20each%20U.S.%20state%20is%20l iving%20with%20obesity.

[2] Cienfuegos, S., Corapi, S. Gabel, K., Ezpelta, M., Kalam, F., Lin, S., Pavlou, V., Varady, K. (2022) Effect of intermittent fasting on reproductive hormone levels in females and males: A review of human trials. Nutrients, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112343

[3] Kubala, J. (2024). 9 Potential intermittent fasting side effects. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/intermittent-fasting-side-effects#hunger

[4] Mayo Clinic (2024) Chronic inflammation: What it is, why it’s bad, and how you can reduce it. Retrieved from

https://mcpress.mayoclinic.org/dairy-health/chronic-inflammation-what-it-is-why-its-bad-and-ho w-you-can-reduce-it/#:~:text=Chronic%20inflammation%20contributes%20to%20diseases%20t hat%20together%20represent,that%20help%20maintain%20good%20digestive%20and%20over all%20health.

[5] Nye, K. Cherrin, C. & Meires, J. (2024). Intermittent Fasting: Exploring approaches, benefits, and implications for health and weight management. Journal for Nurse Practitioners (20)3. https://www.npjournal.org/article/S1555-4155(23)00395-1/fulltext

Understanding Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Posted on | by

Understanding Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Steven Shin
October 2024

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition seen primarily in elder women. It occurs when the muscles and connective tissues that support the pelvic organs become weakened or damaged. This weakening allows the organs to drop from their usual positions and cause discomfort that potentially affecting a woman’s quality of life. While pelvic organ prolapse can be distressing, treatment options exist and this can be managed without surgery [1].

Cause of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

The causes of pelvic organ prolapse are multifactorial, but pregnancy and childbirth remain the most significant risk factors. During childbirth, the pelvic floor undergoes extreme stress. The levator ani muscles and the connective tissue that secures the vagina to the sidewalls of the pelvis are both vital for maintaining pelvic stability. In a healthy individual, the vagina is positioned horizontally on top of the levator ani muscles, offering robust support to the pelvic organs [2]. However, the levator ani muscles can stretch beyond their normal limits that leads to injury. This overstretching causes the vaginal opening to widen and shifts the burden of support from the muscles to the connective tissues.

Aging is the second most common cause of pelvic organ prolapse as muscle strength and tissue elasticity naturally decline over time. The lack of estrogen weakens the muscles and connective tissues of the pelvic floor, further exacerbating the risk. Other risk factors of Pelvic Organ Prolapse include obesity, chronic conditions such as diabetes or constipation, and lifestyle habits such as smoking [2].

Symptoms of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Many women with pelvic organ prolapse may not notice any symptoms. On the other hand, women may experience a range of symptoms that affect their quality of life. The most common sign of prolapse is a feeling that something is “coming down” or a bulge protruding from the vaginal opening. Some women may feel or see a soft lump while washing themselves, while others might experience discomfort, pressure, or a dragging sensation in the pelvic area. Some may notice difficulty with bowel movements or find it challenging to keep tampons in place.

Treatments of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Not all cases of pelvic organ prolapse require medical treatment. Mostly, women with mild symptoms can manage their condition with lifestyle changes and conservative treatments. However, certain situations, such as sores on the vaginal wall or bladder problems like ureteral kinking may require medical treatment. Regardless, please see your doctor the moment you notice symptoms.

For women’s non-surgical options, Kegel exercises are often recommended. These exercises target the muscles that support the pelvic organs and can help strengthen them. Working with a pelvic floor therapist improves the effectiveness of these exercises. Pessaries, small silicone devices inserted into the vagina, can provide additional support to the pelvic organs [3]. These devices help relieve symptoms by holding the vaginal walls in place.

Lifestyle modifications like avoiding heavy lifting, quitting smoking, and managing constipation can also reduce symptoms. Obesity and chronic health issues like diabetes and constipation aggravate prolapse, so managing these factors is crucial.

For women with more severe prolapse that significantly affects their quality of life, surgery may be necessary. Surgical procedures aim to repair and reinforce the damaged tissues, restoring the organs to their proper positions. Surgery can be performed either through the abdomen or the vagina [3]. In cases where the prolapse causes more serious complications, such as difficulty emptying the bladder or bowel, surgery may be the best option to restore normal function. However, about 25% of women may require additional surgeries later due to the recurrence of prolapse [3].

Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition that affects many women. It is often treatable, and many women can manage their symptoms without surgery. Non-surgical treatments, such as pelvic floor exercises and pessaries, can be highly effective. For those with more severe cases, surgery is an option to improve quality of life. If you suspect you have pelvic organ prolapse, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider to explore the best treatment options for your individual needs.

Reference

[1] Iglesia, C. B., & Smithling, K. R. (2017). Pelvic organ prolapse. American family physician, 96(3), 179-185.

[2] Collins, S., & Lewicky-Gaupp, C. (2022). Pelvic organ prolapse. Gastroenterology Clinics, 51(1), 177-193.

[3] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Pelvic organ prolapse. Urogynecology, 25(6), 397-408.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Understanding your Symptoms and Knowing your Treatment Options

Posted on | by

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Understanding your Symptoms and Knowing your Treatment Options

Chaimaa Riad
October 2024

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects around 5-10% of women of reproductive age.^[4]While its prevalence is high, scientists are unsure of the cause of this disorder. Symptoms can often be overlooked, as PCOS can present in a variety of ways with very general symptoms. It is specifically challenging to diagnose PCOS in young girls because symptoms can often be seen as normal signs of puberty.^{[2] [4]}It is important to recognize any signs and symptoms of hyperandrogenism and express concerns to your primary care provider to get the tests necessary to diagnose PCOS.

Signs and Symptoms to Consider

Family history is important to consider:

Let your doctor know if there is a history of PCOS in the family, or a family history of acne, hirsutism, or obesity.^[2]

PCOS is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction:

Women should be aware of recent weight gain. While girls going through puberty are likely to gain weight, there should be a discussion of the progression of the weight gain. ^[2]
Signs of insulin resistance are also associated with PCOS. The increase in fat associated with hyperandrogenism is likely to cause your body to not be able to respond properly to the insulin created in your body, leading to an increase in sugar levels, leading to type 2 diabetes.^[2]

Irregular menstrual cycles:

Oligomenorrhea (infrequent menstrual periods)^[1]
Menorrhagia (heavy bleeding)^[1]
Primary amenorrhea (failure to get a first period by 15 years old)^[1]
Secondary amenorrhea (not having a period for at least three months)^[1] ○ Infertility^[1]

Skin changes

Hirsutism (excess hair growth on the face or body) ^[2]
Abnormal acne or oily skin ^{[1] [2]}
Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation usually in the axilla, groin, and neck secondary to diabetes).^[2][3]

Cardiovascular concerns

Although unclear, there have been concerns about atherosclerosis forming in young women who have PCOS. This can increase risk of stroke as well as heart attacks. More studies need to be done to properly assess this risk in women with PCOS.^[1]

Diagnosis

According to the World Health Organization, diagnosis of PCOS includes at least two out of three of the following:

Symptoms that suggest high androgens (hirsutism, acne, high testosterone levels on lab testing) with no explanation of why there are high androgen levels ^[5]
Irregular menstrual cycles, as explained above in greater detail ^[5]
Ultrasound imaging showing polycystic ovaries ^[5]

Laboratory studies are especially important to ensure that other endocrine disorders are ruled out, including:

Hypothyroidism: TSH levels ^[3]
Hyperprolactinemia: Prolactin levels ^[3]
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels ^[3]

Treatment Options

After a diagnosis of PCOS is made, there are various methods of management:

Lifestyle modifications – a healthy diet and increased physical activity are ways that can help manage the comorbidities of PCOS including diabetes and obesity. In addition to this, women should follow up with their PCP to assess for any worsening of diabetes or any development of cardiovascular changes such as hypertension.^[1]
Medical management: As discussed, diabetic management can vary, and can be managed with medication, as well as hypertension.^[1]Additionally, oral contraceptives can help with irregular menstrual cycles.^[1]Specific types of medication vary based on the presentation and severity of the specific symptoms.

There is no specific management for PCOS, but rather symptom-based intervention to help prevent serious complications. It is important to discuss with your PCP to know which specific intervention is right for you based on your symptoms. ^[1][4]

References

[1] Hoeger, K. M., Dokras, A., & Piltonen, T. (2020, November 19). Update on PCOS: Consequences, challenges, and guiding treatment. OUP Academic.

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/106/3/e1071/5992309?login=false

[2] Screening and management of the hyperandrogenic adolescent. ACOG. (2024). https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/10/screening-an d-management-of-the-hyperandrogenic-adolescent

[3] Teede, H. J., Piltonen, T., Costello, M. F., & Misso, M. L. (2018, August). Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(18)30400-X/fulltext

[4] Why polycystic ovarian syndrome is often misdiagnosed. Why Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Is Often Misdiagnosed: Women’s Healthcare of Princeton: Gynecologists. (n.d.). https://www.princetongyn.com/blog/why-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-is-often-misdiagnosed [5] World Health Organization. (2023, June). Polycystic ovary syndrome. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

Debunking the Myth: No Link Between Cellphone Use and Cancer?

Posted on | by

Debunking the Myth: No Link Between Cellphone Use and Cancer?

Steven Shin
September 2024

The rapid increase in cellphone usage over the past few decades has sparked significant public concern about potential health risks, especially the risk of developing brain cancer. Considering the usage of cell phones, even a slight increase in cancer risk could have significant public health implications. This concern has been particularly serious regarding brain and central nervous system cancers, as phones are often used close to the head. However, recent research offers stunning news: there is no conclusive link between cellphone use and brain cancer (Karipidis, 2024, p.33-39).

The potential danger of cellphone radiation originates from the fact that these devices emit radiofrequency energy, a type of nonionizing radiation. Nonionizing radiation is low-frequency and low-energy, so it is known to damage DNA and increase cancer risk, unlike ionizing radiation such as X-rays and cosmic rays.

The research suggests that energy from cellphone radiation is too weak to cause DNA damage, which is a key mechanism through which cancers can develop. The biological effect of radiofrequency radiation on the human body is a slight heating of the tissue in the area where the phone is held, but this heating is minimal and not sufficient to increase core body temperature or cause harm. Additionally, no increase in the incidence of leukemia or brain cancer was observed in children exposed to radio or TV transmitters or cellphone towers (Karipidis, 2024).

These findings are significant in of the fears that have lingered since 2011 when the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as a possible factor that causes cancer. This past result is thought to be a bias that arose from distorted result analysis when individuals with brain cancer compared to those without. Nowadays, the newer generation of cellphone networks like 3G and 4G plays a role in reducing potential risks because they emit significantly lower levels of radiofrequency radiation compared to older networks (Karipidis, 2024, p.45). Moreover, the presence of more cellphone towers shows a decrease in the amount of radiation emitted from individual cell phones.

Over the years, cohort studies and case-control studies have been the primary methods used to conduct the experiment. Case-control studies compare cellphone use between individuals with tumors and those without, while cohort studies follow large groups of people over time to observe tumor development among cellphone users and non-users.

Another important aspect of the research is its consideration of the lack of evidence regarding the health effects of 5G networks. While no major studies have specifically examined the long-term effects of 5G, existing research on radar technology, which operates at similar frequencies, has not shown an increased risk of cancer (Safari Variani, A, 2019, p.7-9). This comparison provides additional reassurance to the public as new technologies continue to emerge and spread rapidly.

These findings emphasize a trend that the introduction of new technologies often initiates public fears about potential health danger. The most recent example of this phenomenon was the widespread but unproven belief during the COVID-19 pandemic that 5G cellphone towers were spreading the virus. This once led to attacks on cell towers in a few regions. Long-term research about new technologies can change the rapidly created fear and bias of crowds.

In conclusion, concerns about the potential link between cellphone use and cancer due to the widespread use of these devices arose, but recent research shows that this is not true. The WHO commissioned research including epidemiological studies has found no conclusive evidence that cellphone use increases the risk of cancer. The radiofrequency radiation emitted by cell phones is nonionizing and too weak to damage DNA. Plus, advances in cellphone technology, such as lower emissions from newer networks and the increased presence of cellphone towers, decrease any potential risks. As new technologies like 5G continue to appear, further research is essential to monitor long-term health effects.

References

[1] Karipidis, K., Baaken, D., Loney, T., Blettner, M., Brzozek, C., Elwood, M., … & Lagorio, S. (2024). The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: A systematic review of human observational studies–Part I: Most researched outcomes. Environment International, 108983.

[2] Safari Variani, A., Saboori, S., Shahsavari, S., Yari, S., & Zaroushani, V. (2019). Effect of Occupational Exposure to Radar Radiation on Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 20(11), 3211-3219. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3211

The Journey of Women’s Fashion

Posted on | by

The Journey of Women’s Fashion

Tanvir Bhamra
September 2024

As women, fashion has historically been a way for us to express ourselves. This creativity over the years has not only resulted in novice artistic styles, but also led society to controversy over fast-fashion and sizing-inconsistencies. Over time, fashion has evolved from the hand-done craftsmanship of the 18th century to the rapid production cycles of today. While this evolution has made fashion more accessible and diverse, it has also brought new challenges and debates. The ongoing discussion about these issues reflects the impact of fashion on both personal identity and broader societal trends.

Once the 18th century began, fast fashion became a regular occurrence due to the First Industrial Revolution. Before this, workers made clothes by hand, making it a labor-intensive process. Thus buying new clothes was only exclusive to the upper class. Those who belonged to the middle or lower class heavily depended upon second-hand clothing or ended up making their own.

When the rise of factories and workshops grew, it became increasingly easier for companies to cut production costs to cater to middle and lower-income consumers. To carry this idea out, companies directed away from heavy gowns, skirts, and blouses, to simple, ready-made designs, which were cheaper to produce.

From the elegance of the early 1900s, upper-class women were expected to dress very modestly, specifically covering the neck to the floor while wearing corsets and dramatic ornaments/sleeves. Still, the 1900s had its fair share of silhouette trends where women who seemed “top-heavy” actually wore looser tops which they stuffed with extra fabric, achieving said shape.

Today, fashion continues to evolve rapidly, influenced by online trends and social media. While trends still change swiftly, there is a growing emphasis on sustainability, inclusivity, and body positivity. The rise of eco-friendly brands and movements advocating for diverse sizing and gender-neutral clothing reflects a shift towards more representative practices in the fashion industry.

However, specific body image issues still persist. Despite progress, many consumers still face challenges with finding flattering and well-fitting clothes due to size inconsistency and limited options for diverse body shapes. I myself have trouble finding clothes that fit my size range and overall style. Many of my jeans don’t fit my waist, and yet the fabric and length are perfect, then there are others where the pockets are small or nonexistent. There is also ongoing criticism faced by major retailers like H&M and Zara participating in fast fashion. The main concern with this is waste, as most of the products end up in dumps and rivers. The fabric being thrown away takes ages to decompose, releasing harmful microplastics and chemicals into our natural ecosystem. Thankfully other businesses do take the extra steps to minimize their environmental impact and shoppers themselves stay away from fast fashion products.

Fashion has always been a way for people to express themselves, from the hand-crafted garments of the 18th century to today’s fast fashion. While there has been progress in making it more inclusive and sustainable, issues like sizing inconsistencies still remain. The ongoing conversation about these topics highlights the need for a fashion industry that values diversity and prompts positive change. By addressing these challenges, fashion can remain a meaningful and empowering form of self-expression for everyone.

References

[1] Maiti, R., & Leong, C. (2024, January 5). Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact in 2024. Earth.Org. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://earth.org/fast-fashions-detrimental-effect-on-the-environment/

[2] Reddy, K. (2020, August 18). 1900-1909 | Fashion History Timeline. Fashion History Timeline. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1900-1909/
[3] Rominger, A. (2023, July 20). The History & Rise of Fast Fashion: From the 18th Century to Today. Cory Ames. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://coryames.com/history-of-fast-fashion/

Suicide Prevention: Identifying Risks and Finding Help

Posted on | by

Suicide Prevention: Identifying Risks and Finding Help

Harshitha Chaganti
September 2024

Trigger warning: This article mentions topics regarding self-harm and mental health

In honor of September being suicide awareness month….

With the growing presence of social media, bullying (whether online or off), and other stressors, surround the lives of the youth. Due to this, they are unfortunately placed at a higher risk of either suicidal thoughts or attempting suicide. Social media can create unrealistic comparisons, amplify feelings of inadequacy, and expose individuals to cyberbullying, while traditional bullying can reinforce the feeling of isolation among peers adding to the burden. Combined with academic pressures, family issues, and peer-related stress, these factors can create a perfect storm of psychological strain, making it increasingly difficult for young people to find relief or support.

The term suicide has become alarmingly common in modern society, especially among teens and children, who often use it casually without fully grasping the gravity behind it. In many cases, it is spoken about lightly in conversation or as part of dark humor, which diminishes the true weight of the subject.

What many aren’t aware of is that there are multiple types of suicide, each with its own psychological and sociological causes. As reported by, French sociologist Émile Durkheim, who was one of the first to systematically study suicide, these types can be categorized into four distinct forms: egoistic suicide, altruistic suicide, anomic suicide, and fatalistic suicide.

Egoistic Suicide occurs when individuals feels profoundly disconnected from their social environment, experiencing deep isolation and lack of purpose. Altruistic Suicide happens when individuals, deeply integrated into a group or society, sacrifice their own lives for what they believe is a greater good or cultural obligation. Anomic Suicide is associated with significant societal or economic disruptions that lead to feeling of normlessness and instability, making individuals feel disoriented and overwhelmed. Fatalistic Suicide arises from extreme regulation and control over one’s life, leading to a sense of entrapment and hopelessness, often in highly restrictive or oppressive condition^[2]

Those who are considering self-harm often exhibit several warning signs, which can vary in intensity. Common indicators are:

Behavioral Changes: Sudden withdrawal from social groups, changes in eating and/or sleeping patterns, as well as a noticeable decline in work performance are telling signs of suicidal thinking.
Emotional Distress: People who are suicidal tend to have expressions of deep sadness, worthlessness, hopelessness and incressed irritability/ mood swings.
Physical Signs: Unexplained cuts, bruises, or burns, often hidden under clothing, or frequent wearing of long sleeves and pants, even in warm weather.
Preoccupation with Death: An unusual focus on themes of death or dying, including talking about or engaging with violent or morbid content.

Noticing these signs is important for getting help quickly. If you or someone you know shows these signs, it’s crucial to seek help from a mental health professional. Early support can make a big difference in managing these issues and preventing harm.

If you or someone you know is struggling with self-harm or suicidal thoughts, it’s important to get help right away. Start by talking to a trusted friend or family member, and seek support from a mental health professional like a therapist or counselor. For immediate help, call a crisis hotline such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK, or use other local hotlines. You can also visit a healthcare provider for advice and referrals. Online resources and counseling services are also available for immediate support. Taking these steps can connect you with the help and support needed.

In conclusion, it’s crucial to recognize the signs of self-harm and suicidal thoughts and seek help quickly. Talking to trusted people, contacting mental health professionals, and using crisis resources can provide the support needed to address these challenges and find hope. Remember, reaching out for help is a positive step towards recovery.

References

[1] Facts About Suicide | Suicide Prevention. (2024, April 25). CDC. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/index.html

[2] Singh, A. (2020, March 30). Four Types of Suicides – MDIS Blog. Management Development Institute of Singapore (MDIS). Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.mdis.edu.sg/blog/four-types-of-suicides/

[3] Warning Signs of Suicide – Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (n.d.). Suicide Prevention Resource Center. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://sprc.org/warning-signs-for-suicide/