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Eunice Foote: A Scientist Written Out of History

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Eunice Foote: A Scientist Written Out of History

Harshitha Chaganti
March 2025

Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Marie Curie are the names that often come to mind when we think of great scientists, yet only one of them is a woman. Throughout history, countless women have made groundbreaking scientific discoveries, only to have their contributions overlooked or credited to men. One such scientist is Eunice Newton Foote, a pioneering researcher whose work on the greenhouse effect predated some of the most well-known climate science, yet for years her name remained in the shadows of history.

Eunice Newton Foote was born on July 17, 1819 in Goshen, Connecticut. She pursued her education at the Troy Female Seminary (now Emma Willard School), an institution famous for its progressive approach to women’s education during the era. There, she developed an interest in scientific subjects, laying the groundwork for her future experiments.

In 1856, Foote conducted experiments to understand the warming effect of various different atmospheric gases. Using household items, glass cylinders, thermometers, and an air pump, she measured how gases carbon dioxide (then known as “carbonic acid gas”) and water vapor absorbed heat when exposed to sunlight. Her findings were groundbreaking:

Carbon Dioxide’s Heat Absorption: Foote observed that carbon dioxide absorbed more heat and retained it longer than other gases, leading her to conclude that an atmosphere rich in this gas would elevate Earth’s temperature.
Implications for Climate: She hypothesized that variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could have contributed to historical climate changes, suggesting that higher concentrations would result in a warmer planet.

Foote’s work predated the more widely recognized experiments of John Tyndall by three years, yet her contributions remained largely unrecognized during her lifetime. Had her research received the attention it deserved, discussions about climate change might have begun much earlier, potentially influencing policies and scientific advancements that could have helped mitigate global warming before it became a crisis.

Despite the significance of her research, Foote faced societal barriers typical of the 19th century. As a woman, she was not permitted to present her findings at the 1856 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Instead, Professor Joseph Henry of the Smithsonian Institution presented her paper, acknowledging the limitations placed on women in science at the time.

Foote’s work was subsequently overshadowed, and her name faded into obscurity. It wasn’t until recent decades that historians and scientists revisited her experiments, recognizing her as a pioneer in climate science. In 2019, on the 200th anniversary of her birth, NOAA celebrated her contributions, shedding light on her role in early climate studies.

Eunice Newton Foote’s story is a testament to the challenges women in science have historically faced and the importance of acknowledging their contributions. Her experiments laid the foundation for our understanding of the greenhouse effect and climate change. Today, as we grapple with global warming, Foote’s early insights serve as a reminder of the critical need for diverse voices in scientific discourse.

By bringing Eunice Foote’s legacy to the forefront, we not only honor her achievements but also inspire future generations of women scientists to pursue their passions, undeterred by the biases of their time.

References

[1] First Paper to link CO2 and global warming, by Eunice Foote (1856). The Public Domain Review. (n.d.). https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/first-paper-to-link-co2-and-global-warming-by-eunice-foote-1856/

[2] Huddleston, A. (2019, July 17). Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, Hidden Climate Science Pioneer. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer

[3] Kurland, Z., Hafner, K., & Feder, E. (2024, February 20). The woman who demonstrated the greenhouse effect. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-woman-who-demonstrated-the-greenhouse-effect

A Deadly Glow: The Case of the Radium Girls

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A Deadly Glow: The Case of the Radium Girls

Tanvir Bhamra
March 2025

Let’s set the scene:

it’s the early 1920s, the world is still at war, and industries are booming, including one that promised an ethereal glow with a brand new material–radium. Recently discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in 1898, it was quickly implemented into everyday items in society. The miracle element produced a glow that was seen as an opportunity to evolve the dials on clocks and watches, a paint mixture containing zinc sulphide and radium was made to make the hands and numbers visible in the dark. And who was responsible for applying this glow-in-the-dark magic? Young, working-class women, unaware that the very paint they handled would slowly poison them.^[2]

They were employed at factories like the United States Radium Corporation (USRC), sitting in rows, carefully painting tiny numbers on the dials. At the same time, they were encouraged to practice “lip-pointing,” a technique where the tip of the paintbrush was pressed against their lips to keep the strokes fine and precise. The process would often involve the women ingesting a little of the radium-infused paint, and when concerns were brought to their supervisors about the side effects, they were met with claims of it being harmless and even beneficial to health.^[2] This is something the vast majority thought as well. A small amount of radium was believed to be a miracle medicine, having been used in commercial products like facial creams and water.^[1]

Radium, like all radioactive elements, emits ionizing radiation–an invisible force that can wreak havoc on the human body at a cellular level. When the Radium Girls ingested tiny amounts of radium daily through the instructed technique, the substance didn’t just pass through their bodies–it became part of them.^[2] Radium behaves similarly to calcium, with the body mistaking the two and absorbing it into the bones, slowly destroying tissue from the inside out. The results were horrifying: necrosis of the jaw (deterioration of jaw bones), anemia, and cancers.^[1] Even Marie Curie, the scientist who discovered radium, fell victim to its deadly effects, dying from aplastic anemia (lack of new blood cells being produced), a condition caused by prolonged exposure to radiation. At the time, little was understood about the dangers of radiation, but the tragic deaths of the Radium Girls helped expose its devastating impact.

One by one, the girls started showing symptoms and falling sick. First, it was the teeth–painfully crumbling and falling out. This was followed by aching bones, mysterious tumors, and deteriorating bodies. The USRC had known prior, maybe not to the full extent, but they at least knew radium was dangerous and had even warned their male scientists to wear protective gear while the women were left in the dark, with the only remaining light source coming from their own bodies.^[3]

In 1922, Amelia (Mollie) Maggia, one of the first known victims of radium poisoning, suffered a horrific and mysterious illness that began with a toothache and quickly escalated into agonizing ulcers, bone decay, and excruciating pain. Her jaw had even fallen into her dentist’s hands with no tools needed. By September, the relentless disease had spread to her throat, causing her to die at the mere young age of 24. Her death was falsely labeled as syphilis, a misdiagnosis the company later used to discredit the growing concerns about radium’s dangers. Meanwhile, more of her colleagues including Grace Fryer were beginning to suffer similar symptoms, but their employer, the USRC, refused to take responsibility, even going as far as to fund studies that denied any link between their work and deteriorating health.^[3]

Despite being dismissed and ignored, the women fought back, determined to hold the company accountable. Grace Fryer led the legal battle, securing a lawyer after years of rejections, but the statute of limitations and lack of legal recognition for radium poisoning made the case an uphill climb.^[3] Eventually, in 1927, the women settled out of court, but their story gained national attention, inspiring another group of dial painters in Illinois, led by Catherine Wolfe Donohue, to continue the fight. Even as she wasted away from a massive tumor, Donohue testified from her deathbed in 1938 ultimately winning justice and helping to establish workplace safety laws that still protect workers today.^[1] The Radium Girls’ suffering was immeasurable, but their bravery changed labor rights forever; Their legacy serves as a powerful reminder that perseverance and courage can ignite lasting change, ensuring safer workplaces for future generations.

References

[1] Balkansky, A. (2019, March 19). Radium Girls: Living Dead Women. Library of Congress Blogs. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2019/03/radium-girls-living-dead-women/

[2] Bryan-Quamina, G. (2023, April 11). The Radium Girls. Science Museum Group. https://blog.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/the-radium-girls/

[3] Moore, K. (2017, May 5). The Forgotten Story Of The Radium Girls, Whose Deaths Saved Thousands Of Workers’ Lives. https://www.afacwa.org/the_forgotten_story_of_the_radium_girls_whose_deaths_saved_thousands_of_workers_lives

The Luteal Lowdown: Hormones, Mood, and the Science of Cycles

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The Luteal Lowdown: Hormones, Mood, and the Science of Cycles

Asmita Adya
March 2025

The time between ovulation and menstruation, known as the luteal phase, is often marked by emotional variability and instability in menstruating individuals. Feelings of negative affect, physical discomfort, and general malaise commonly plague individuals as the uterine lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy or, if fertilization does not occur, menstruation.

The Biological Basis

During ovulation, the hypothalamus secretes a surge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the pituitary gland. In response, the anterior pituitary gland releases luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates the gonads, leading to the luteal phase. During this phase, progesterone reaches its peak concentration. Prior to this, during the follicular phase, the anterior pituitary secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which leads to a peak in estradiol levels. Estrogen, an ovarian hormone critical to well-being, plays a key role in mood regulation. Low estrogen levels have been implicated in increased vulnerability to depression and impaired emotional regulation. Thus, during the luteal phase, when estrogen levels decline, studies have shown that women exhibit more frequent negative affect and a heightened stress response [1]. Additionally, estradiol contributes to reward processing, as it has a stimulatory, activational effect and interacts with dopamine [2].

However, this raises the question: does the likelihood of experiencing negative affect stem solely from decreased estrogen, or does progesterone itself play a direct role? The lack of conclusive clinical evidence remains a significant barrier to answering this question.

The Implications of Hormonal Contraceptives

Hormonal contraceptives and their effects may serve as a clue. In the 1960s, ‘the pill’ revolutionized hormonal contraception in the United States. The pill typically contains ethinyl estradiol or mestranol (synthetic estrogen) and progestin (synthetic progesterone), though some formulations are progestin-only. The androgenic properties of different progestins vary, ranging from strongly anti-androgenic to strongly androgenic. The typical dose ranges from 0.1 to 3.0 mg per pill.

Although the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, hormonal contraceptives are thought to “mimic pregnancy.” During pregnancy, endogenous estrogen and progesterone levels rise, exerting negative feedback on hypothalamic GnRH secretion. Similarly, contraceptives prevent pregnancy by mimicking these negative feedback effects. Exogenous hormones from the pill inhibit GnRH release, thereby suppressing FSH and LH secretion from the anterior pituitary. As a result, follicular development is inhibited due to reduced FSH, and ovulation does not occur due to the absence of an LH surge. While the extent of hormonal suppression varies by contraceptive formulation, this chronic suppression prevents pregnancy. Women using hormonal contraceptives typically have endogenous hormone concentrations equivalent to or lower than those observed in the early follicular phase of naturally cycling women. Although hormone levels usually return to baseline within months after discontinuation, some studies suggest lower levels persist for years [3].

Why does this matter? Women who use hormonal contraceptives often report negative side effects such as mood changes, diminished libido, and exacerbation of underlying psychiatric conditions [4]. Furthermore, contraceptives have been implicated in structural and functional changes in brain regions involved in affective and reward processing [5]. These effects highlight the profound impact of exogenous hormone manipulation. Since many contraceptive methods rely on progestin as a primary component, it is plausible that progesterone plays a key role in negative affect, though further research is needed to establish a definitive correlation.

Plausible Physical and Mental Effects

Possible physical and mental effects of elevated progesterone include fatigue, negative affect, and mood fluctuations [6]. These effects can impair emotional and physical functioning and exacerbate underlying psychiatric conditions. These hormonal fluctuations occur independently of individual control; menstruation follows its cyclical course, only ceasing at menopause. So, never dismiss a woman as “too hormonal”—she is simply functioning as nature intended.

References

[1] Albert, K. M., & Newhouse, P. A. (2019). Estrogen, stress, and depression: Cognitive and biological interactions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095557.

[2] Beltz, A. M., & Moser, J. S. (Year). Ovarian hormones: A long overlooked but critical contributor to cognitive brain structures and function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Special Issue: The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience.

[3] Taylor, C. M., Pritschet, L., & Jacobs, E. G. (2021). The scientific body of knowledge – whose body does it serve? A spotlight on oral contraceptives and women’s health factors in neuroimaging. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 60, 100874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100874

[4] Martell, S., Marini, C., Kondas, C. A., & Deutch, A. B. (2023). Psychological side effects of hormonal contraception: A disconnect between patients and providers. Journal of Women’s Health, 32(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2022.0467

[5] Brønnick, M. K., Økland, I., Graugaard, C., & Brønnick, K. K. (2020). The effects of hormonal contraceptives on the brain: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 556577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556577

[6] Standeven, L. R., McEvoy, K. O., & Osborne, L. M. (2020). Progesterone, reproduction, and psychiatric illness. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 69, 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.06.001

Exercise Arises as a Key Strategy to Reduce Falls in Polypharmacy for Elderly Women

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Exercise Arises as a Key Strategy to Reduce Falls in Polypharmacy for Elderly Women

Steven Shin
March 2025

Among the elderly, a condition known as polypharmacy became one of the most significant public health concerns. Recent research by the University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital has highlighted the effectiveness of structured exercise in reducing fall risks in elderly women.^[3]The study underscores the importance of incorporating physical activity into healthcare strategies aimed at fall prevention.

The Impact of Polypharmacy on Physical Function

Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of four or more medications, has been linked to deteriorating physical fitness and an increased risk of falls.^[3]As older adults frequently require multiple medications to manage chronic conditions, this association is concerning. However, while previous studies have suggested a direct correlation between polypharmacy and higher fall risks, the recent findings challenge this notion by demonstrating that targeted exercise programs can mitigate these risks.^[2]

The Kuopio Fall Prevention Study: A Game-Changer

The study analyzed data from the Kuopio Fall Prevention Study, a randomized controlled trial involving 914 women with a median age of 76.5 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either an exercise group or a control group. The exercise program consisted of twice-weekly guided exercise sessions, including tai chi and circuit training, for the first six months. Afterward, participants were granted free access to the city’s recreational sports facilities for an additional six months.^[3]Fitness assessments were conducted at baseline, one year, and two years into the study. Medication use was tracked through self-reported questionnaires, and falls were monitored for approximately two years via biweekly SMS queries.^[3]

The results of the study were compelling. Among participants with polypharmacy, those engaged in the exercise intervention exhibited a 29% lower risk of falls compared to the control group taking zero to one medications.^[1]Additionally, while 1,380 falls were recorded during the study period—739 of which resulted in injury or pain and 63 in fractures—polypharmacy did not increase the likelihood of falls in the control group.^[3]Moreover, fitness tests revealed that participants using zero to one medications generally performed better than those with polypharmacy. However, individuals with the poorest physical fitness at the outset of the study

benefited the most from the intervention.^[2]This finding suggests that physical activity can significantly enhance functional ability, even among those with limited mobility.

Patient Outcomes and Future Directions

The study’s findings reinforce the need to integrate structured exercise programs into standard geriatric care. Healthcare professionals should actively encourage physical activity, particularly for elderly patients managing multiple medications. The benefits of tai chi and circuit training extend beyond fall prevention; they contribute to improved balance, strength, and overall quality of life.^[4]

Additionally, previous research has linked polypharmacy to reduced physical function, further emphasizing the importance of targeted exercise interventions. For example, a systematic review found a reciprocal relationship between polypharmacy and diminished physical performance in older adults. Similarly, findings from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development indicated that polypharmacy at ages 60 to 69 was associated with poorer cognitive and physical capabilities, even when accounting for chronic disease burden.^[1]

Given the significant benefits demonstrated by the Kuopio Fall Prevention Study, exercise should be a cornerstone of fall prevention strategies for elderly individuals, particularly those with polypharmacy. Encouraging participation in structured physical activity programs may not only reduce fall risk but also enhance overall physical well-being. Future research should continue exploring how tailored interventions can further optimize outcomes for older adults managing multiple medications.

References

[1] Corbett, A., Stevens, T., Aarsland, D., Day, S., & Ballard, C. (2018). Systematic review of polypharmacy and cognitive impairment in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(6), 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15374

[2] Gutiérrez-Valencia, M., Aldaz-Herce, P., Lacalle-Fabo, E., Larrayoz-Sola, B., Martínez-Velilla, N., & Fernández de Retana-Marín, A. (2018). Relationship between polypharmacy and functional capacity in older adults: A systematic review. Aging & Disease, 9(6), 1014-1022. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2018.0611

[3] Vilpunaho, T., Kröger, H., Honkanen, R., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Sirola, J., Kuvaja-Köllner, V., … & Rikkonen, T. (2019). Randomised controlled trial (RCT) study design for a large-scale municipal fall prevention exercise programme in community-living older

women: study protocol for the Kuopio Fall Prevention Study (KFPS). BMJ open, 9(6), e028716. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028716 [4] Sherrington, C., Fairhall, N. J., Wallbank, G. K., Tiedemann, A., Michaleff, Z. A., Howard, K., & Clemson, L. (2017). Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community: An abridged Cochrane systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(24), 1750-1758. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098425

Closing the Wealth Gap: How Women Are Reshaping the Investment World

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Closing the Wealth Gap: How Women Are Reshaping the Investment World

Shriya Parvatikar
March 2025

For decades, investing has been seen as something men do — whether it is leading a big financial firm, managing investment portfolios, or even trading stocks. Women have been constantly underrepresented in the stock market and wealth-building opportunities. However, in recent years, there has been a massive shift as more women take charge of their financial futures and challenge the traditional hurdle in the investment world. These developments not only serve as significant steps in mitigating the gender gap but also prove that financial independence is not only a goal — it’s a necessity.

The Persistent Gender Investing Gap

The gender investing gap still hugely persists. According to a 2018 study held in the UK, the total value of the investments that women (aged 21-53) saved was half the amount that their male counterparts had saved ^[1]. This is a huge gap in investments considering the fact that on average, women live longer than men, yet they usually retire with less wealth which puts them at a higher risk of financial insecurity in the later parts of their age. A 2021 Women and Investing report from Fidelity Investments states that even though women’s investment portfolios often outperform men’s, only 33% of women see themselves as investors ^[2]. Why is that? Some of the possible rationale are: lower financial confidence, the gender pay gap, and a lack of representation in financial education.

Moreover, women have significantly less shares than their male counterparts. According to a 2022 report, male executives own 99 times more shares in S&P 500 companies than their female counterparts ^[3]. This is alarming since women make up a quarter of C-Suite leadership in the firms. In addition to that, women tend to have investment account balances that are 44% lower than men’s, as reported by The Motley Fool ^[4]. This is not just a mere matter of investing, it is about long-term wealth, financial security, and making sure women have the same opportunities to build a sustainable and independent financial life.

Flipping the Script of the Investment World

Good News! This gap is slowly and gradually closing as more financial tools and platforms are developing to help women all over the world to be able to invest confidently.

These platforms include the following:

– Companies such as Ellevest are specifically designed to help women build on their wealth by offering financial planning services and wealth management.

– More firms such as BBG Ventures and BRAVA are supporting female entrepreneurs and allocating money to businesses that support women’s empowerment.

– The increase in financial literacy programs such as Female Invest is helping educate women about money, making investing more widespread and accessible.

In addition to these developments, the number of women investing in the stock market has significantly improved. The Motley Fool further states that 71% of women are now investing in the stock market, a notable rise driven by the younger generations ^[4]. Additionally, as more women have started investing, studies have started to prove that women investors often achieve better returns than men. For instance, a 2024 analysis report by The Fintech Times emphasized that Australian women outperformed men by 4%. Women are also more likely to focus on being sustainable and socially responsible while investing, and promoting ethical business practices ^[5].

This notable progress can be further accelerated through these initiatives:

Promoting financial education in rural places in which women are obliged to stick to the social/traditional norms. This can amplify the number of women investing and guarantee a better future for themselves.

Closing the prevalent wage cap can address income disparity and eliminate blockages that are stopping women from investing. This way, they can gain more capital to support their investment.

Encouraging more women into leadership roles in finance can inspire others to participate and support.

As more women take charge of their financial lives, they not only secure a stable future for themselves but also challenge the traditional stereotypes that decide what women can and cannot do. The rise of investors is more than just a trend, it is a huge step that is reshaping the financial world for the better.

Sources

[1] The gender investing gap: Investments. NatWest. (n.d.).

https://www.natwest.com/investments/our-insights/gender-investing-gap.html

[2] 2021 women and investing study. Fidelity Investments. (2021).

https://www.fidelity.com/bin-public/060_www_fidelity_com/documents/about-fidelity/FidelityIn vestmentsWomen&InvestingStudy2021.pdf

[3] Zilber, A. (2022, June 6). Male executives own 99 times more S&P shares than women: Report. New York Post.

https://nypost.com/2022/06/06/male-executives-own-99-times-more-sp-shares-than-women-repo rt/

[4] Daly, L. (2025, March 13). Women and investing statistics for 2025. The Motley Fool. https://www.fool.com/research/women-in-investing-statistics/

[5] Bleach, T. (2025, February 24). Revolut: Women investors outperform men by 4% in 2024 as Investment Gap Closes. The Fintech Times.

https://thefintechtimes.com/revolut-women-investors-outperform-men-by-4-in-2024-as-investme nt-gap-closes/#:~:text=Women’s%20investments%20outperformed%20men’s%20by,returns%20 than%20men%20in%202024.

The Legacy of Lucy: Tracing Human Origins

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The Legacy of Lucy: Tracing Human Origins

Harshitha Chaganti
February 2025

It all began with a woman–Lucy, the ancient ancestor whose discovery reshaped our entire understanding of evolution. While she might’ve not been the first hominin to walk the Earth, her remarkably well preserved remains provided the first ground breaking evidence of early bipedalism, confirming that our ancestors walked upright long before they developed large brains. Unearthed in 1974 in Ethiopia’s Afar region, she was named after “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” by The Beatles, which played in the background as scientists celebrated their find. Lucy’s skeleton became a key piece in the puzzle of human evolution, cementing Africa’s role as the cradle of humankind and sparking a wave of research that continues to this day.

Lucy’s skeleton, which was about 40% complete, revealed critical information about early hominins. Her anatomical structure confirmed that Australopithecus afarensis was fully bipedal, meaning that walking on two legs evolved before larger brain development occurred. This challenged earlier theories that intelligence was the first major evolutionary shift. Instead, Lucy demonstrated that bipedalism allowed early hominins to free their hands for tool use, food gathering, and social interactions.

Her discovery also arrived at a crucial turning point in paleoanthropology. “Lucy’s discovery came at a very important moment in paleoanthropology, when there was beginning to be greater public awareness that Africa is the cradle of humankind,” said Dr. Ebeth Sawchuk, Associate Curator of Human Evolution, in A Groundbreaking Discovery Turns 50: Celebrating the Story of Lucy. Before Lucy, many still clung to outdated ideas that human evolution had stronger roots in other parts of the world. However, as highlighted by the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University, Lucy provided irrefutable fossil evidence that early human ancestors originated in Africa, reinforcing the continent’s role in our evolutionary story.

Lucy’s discovery not only revolutionized our understanding of human evolution but also played a pivotal role in advancing research on women’s biology. Her remarkably preserved skeleton provided crucial insights into the anatomical structure of early hominins, including key differences in pelvic shape and locomotion that shed light on childbirth and reproductive adaptations in human ancestors. By studying Lucy and other female hominin fossils, scientists have gained a deeper understanding of how biological and evolutionary pressures shaped the development of female physiology, influencing everything from bipedalism to maternal health in modern humans.

Lucy’s influence reaches far beyond the realm of science—her discovery has shaped anthropology, philosophy, and even our understanding of what it means to be human. She stands as a reminder to us that all humans are linked by a lineage that stretches back millions of years. From the African plains where she once walked to the intricate societies we inhabit today.

Today, cutting-edge technologies like DNA analysis, artificial intelligence, and 3D fossil reconstruction are shedding new light on our origins. As ongoing discoveries continue to refine our understanding of human evolution, they also highlight the crucial role of women in shaping our species’ history—from the reproductive adaptations of early hominins to the impact of maternal health on survival. While research continues to evolve, one thing remains certain—Lucy’s story was only the beginning.

References

[1] Alger, A. (2024, November 24). An Iconic Discovery: Celebrating the Story of Lucy. Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.cmnh.org/learn/science-blog/2024/11/24/a-groundbreaking-discovery-turns-50-celebrating-the-story-of-lucy

[2] Hendry, L., & Wilson, M. (n.d.). Australopithecus afarensis, Lucy’s species. Natural History Museum. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html

[3] Lucy’s Story | Institute of Human Origins. (n.d.). Institute of Human Origins. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story

From Struggle to Strength: Healing and Embracing Chemo Curls After Cancer

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From Struggle to Strength: Healing and Embracing Chemo Curls After Cancer

Tanvir Bhamra
February 2025

Unfortunately, one of the most common diseases can be the most destructive; cancer is known as the rapid and uncontrolled growth of mutated cells, and it can happen anywhere in the body. Its risk factors can range from unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a poor diet and harmful habits, to family history. The experience of having cancer is traumatic in itself, it is not something a person can simply leave behind, as it follows people around like a shadow–survivors would have to learn how to grow and heal from it.

As survivors navigate the challenges of recovery, their bodies undergo various changes—some expected, others surprising. One of the most visible transformations occurs with hair regrowth, revealing an unexpected side effect of chemotherapy: chemo curls.

This occurs because chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicles. However, many cancer survivors experience a fascinating phenomenon after treatment—when their hair grows back, it often has a completely different texture. Straight hair may turn curly, thick hair may become finer, and some even find their hair changes in color. This transformation is known as “chemo curls.” These curls can range from loose waves to tight ringlets, even if the individual had completely straight hair before treatment. The degree of curliness varies from person to person and the amount of time chemotherapy was given. The hair’s new texture may not be permanent, but for some, chemo curls remain for years after recovery.^[3]

The exact cause of chemo curls isn’t fully understood, but researchers believe that changes in hair texture occur due to the way chemotherapy affects hair follicles:^[3]

Disruption of the hair growth cycle: Chemotherapy forces hair follicles into a dormant phase, causing hair loss. When treatment ends, hair follicles begin regenerating, but the process may not return to normalcy immediately.
Damage to follicle structure: The chemicals used in chemotherapy can alter the structure of hair follicles. If they become slightly misshapen, hair can grow in a different texture.
Changes in protein bonds: Hair texture is largely determined by keratin, a protein in hair strands. The way keratin bonds form during regrowth may be altered after chemotherapy, leading to curls or waves.

For many, the return of hair is a significant milestone in their recovery, symbolizing a step towards healing. However, the unexpected change in texture can be both surprising and challenging. Some individuals embrace their new curls as a sign of resilience, while others struggle to adapt. People may feel excited at having hair again but frustrated as they navigate caring for a new and unfamiliar texture.

Managing chemo curls requires a different hair care approach post-chemo hair is often sensitive and fragile. Therefore, gentle, hydrating products are recommended. Moisturizing shampoos, conditioners, and curl-enhancing creams can maintain healthy curls. Additionally, avoiding heat styling and using satin pillowcases can reduce frizz and breakage.^[2]

The journey through cancer is not just about survival but also about healing and adaptation. Chemo curls, though unexpected, serve as a testament to the resilience of the human body. Whether lasting a few months or years, they represent a new chapter in a survivor’s life. With the right care, mindset, and overall support, individuals can embrace their experiences and continue moving forward with strength and confidence.

References

[1] Donofree, D. (n.d.). Chemo Curls 101: What they are & How to Care for Them. AnaOno. https://www.anaono.com/blogs/dressing-room/chemo-curls-101-what-they-are-how-to-care-for-them?srsltid=AfmBOopSf7LF8tAbw_UXqwu_uPsOfv-kNCF20iFcPEMYkROQSdofqodl

[2] Hair regrowth and Chemo curls after cancer treatment. (n.d.). John Frieda Hair Care – Frizz, Color & Shampoo. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.johnfrieda.com/en-uk/blog/hair-care/hair-growth-after-cancer-treatment/

[3] Rishe, J. (2021, September 22). Chemo curls: Cause, duration, hair care, and more. MedicalNewsToday. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chemo-curls#are-they-permanent

Does Menopause Occurring Later In Life Lead To Better Vascular Health?

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Does Menopause Occurring Later In Life Lead To Better Vascular Health?

Julia Palka
February 2025

Menopause is the dreaded cycle of hormonal imbalance, hot flashes, and discomfort. Women of all ages know it will manifest in various stages, with different symptoms and degrees of abruptness. However, first, we must all face the monthly gift of menstruation, but new findings show that if your body’s natural clock is a little late to the initial onset of menopausal symptoms (55 or older), you may have a significantly decreased risk of cardiovascular events!

According to newly published research from the University of Colorado at Boulder, Women who go through menopause at later ages in life have healthier blood vessels than women who go through it earlier. The research, published in the American Heart Association journal Circulation Research¹ arrived just in time for February, which is Women’s Heart Health Month. The findings can help pave the way to new research and advancements in therapies and treatments aimed at reducing heart disease, the leading cause of death in women.

The new insights show that females who stop menstruating at 55 or older are suggested to have a significantly lower risk of heart attacks and cardiovascular events during their postmenopausal years over women who stop menstruation below 55 years of age. To support this claim, studies write that women 55 or older are actually 20% less likely to develop ailments like heart disease than those 54 and younger. Sanna Darvish, a PhD candidate in the Department of Integrative Physiology at the University of Colorado at Boulder is part of a study assessing the vascular health of 92 women and how well their brachial artery dilates with increased blood flow. Darvish and her colleagues also measured the women’s mitochondrial health in relation to the cells lining the women’s blood vessels. The mitochondria, which is considered the powerhouse of energy in the human body, helped the researchers determine what molecules were present in the women’s blood streams.

The studyproved that all the postmenopausal women had significantly worse function in their arteries than women who had not yet experienced menopause³. This is because, as women age, they produce less nitric oxide, a chemical compound that helps prevent plaque build up and stiffness as it dilates the blood vessels. The mitochondria in the cells lining the blood vessels also become more dysfunctional with age and generate free radicals; highly reactive and unstable molecules produced naturally by the human body.

When women go through menopause, the age related decline in cardiovascular health is accelerated. However, the 10% of women who experience a late onset of menopausal symptoms are seemingly less affected by this predicament. Darvish’s study found that vascular function was only 24% worse in the women who experienced menopause later in life compared to the premenopausal women. In contrast those in the normal onset stage had a 51% decline in vascular health. The differences between the groups occurred 5 years or more after the women went through menopause, where remarkably the late onset group had a reported 44% better vascular function than the normal onset group.

The success of maintaining better vascular health in the late onset group was linked to the women’s better functioning of mitochondria, which decreased the amount of free radicals produced. The circulating blood in the late onset group also generated more favorable levels of different lipid metabolites in their blood. Darvash and her team will next study how early onset menopause might impact heart health and how certain nutritional supplements marketed as targeting free radicals in the blood vessels may reduce heart disease in women at higher risks. Future research is still necessary to solidify the gaps between the studies currently published, and how and if all women will experience the same prognosis. John Hopkins Medicine says; If cardiovascular disease runs strongly in the family, it’s also important that you see a cardiologist to further assess the likelihood of having cardiovascular disease and to optimize treatment. ² In summary, the important research provided from the University of Colorado at Boulder suggests that women who experience menopause at 55 or older have healthier blood vessels and a 20% lower risk of heart disease compared to those with earlier menopause. This is linked to better mitochondrial function, reduced free radicals, and improved vascular health, highlighting potential new avenues for cardiovascular disease prevention in women.

References:

Darvish, S., et al. (2025). Preservation of vascular endothelial function in late-onset postmenopausal women. Circulation Research. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.124.325639

Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Menopause and the cardiovascular system. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/menopause-and-the-cardiovascular-system#:~:text=Plus%2C%20studies%20that%20have%20followed,normal%20age%20(around%2050)

News-Medical. (2025, February 4). Late menopause linked to better vascular health in women. News-Medical. Retrieved from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250204/Late-menopause-linked-to-better-vascular-health-in-women.aspx

Understanding Organ Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

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Understanding Organ Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Steven Shin
February 2025

Pregnancy is thought of as a joyful experience, but for some women, it can bring life-threatening health challenges. One of the challenges is Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM), a form of heart failure that occurs during the final stages of pregnancy or in the postpartum period.¹ Recent research has revealed new information in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of PPCM to help women worldwide.

What is PPCM?

PPCM affects approximately 1 in 1,500 to 2,000 pregnancies globally with nonspecific symptoms like shortness of breath, exhaustion, and swelling¹. Crucial interventions or treatment are delayed because these symptoms are often dismissed as normal parts of pregnancy. In PPCM, the heart’s left ventricle weakens and impairs its function. While early treatment results in recovery, undiagnosed or untreated PPCM can lead to persistent heart failure or death³.

Research showed that the hormone prolactin, commonly associated with breastfeeding, plays a significant role in PPCM. In affected women, prolactin is broken down into a harmful material that damages blood vessels and leads to heart failure. Researchers at the Hannover Medical School found that the drug bromocriptine which is traditionally used to suppress lactation can block this harmful effect and promote heart recovery when used for heart failure therapy³. The safety and efficacy of bromocriptine showed that it can significantly improve maternal cardiac health without increasing the risk of complications such as blood clots². A study based on a global PPCM registry of 500+ patients supports bromocriptine as a recommended treatment for PPCM².

New Hope for Subsequent Pregnancies

Historically, women recovering from PPCM were advised against future pregnancies due to the high risk of relapse or worsening heart function. However, new research suggests a more optimistic outlook. A study based on data from the Global PPCM Registry found that even women with mild residual heart failure could safely carry another pregnancy under medical supervision².

This represents a major shift that allows women to expand their families without undue fear. Key to this success is interdisciplinary care by cardiologists, obstetricians, and maternal-fetal medicine specialists who ensure both mother and child are monitored closely¹.

PPCM’s impact is not uniform across the globe. A 20-year population study emphasized significant disparities in PPCM incidence and discussed higher rates reported in Black populations compared to White populations¹. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted healthcare strategies and awareness campaigns in disproportionately affected communities.

Access to specialized care also varies widely between high-income and low-income regions. In many low-resource settings, limited awareness means that PPCM often goes undetected until it progresses to a critical stage³. International registries and collaborations are vital in bridging this gap by providing data and resources to improve diagnosis and treatment worldwide³.

Patient Outcomes and Future Directions

A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association reported that 6% of PPCM patients die within six months of diagnosis, with 42% of these deaths attributed to heart failure and 30% to sudden cardiac arrest³. However, timely diagnosis and intervention can significantly reduce these figures. Advanced imaging techniques, the use of cardiac biomarkers, and continued research into genetic predispositions are important steps to improve outcomes¹.

Additionally, researchers are exploring how to predict PPCM risk in future pregnancies more accurately. Early identification of at-risk women could allow for tailored monitoring and preventative therapies that potentially reduce the burden of this condition². Thanks to research and the dedication of specialized care teams, women diagnosed with PPCM now have access to better treatments and a brighter future. From innovative therapies like bromocriptine to improved management of subsequent pregnancies, advancements in PPCM care are empowering women to navigate motherhood against all odds. Despite the challenges, with early diagnosis and interdisciplinary care, affected women can embrace both recovery and the possibility of growing their families.

Reference

[1] Arany, Z., & Elkayam, U. (2016). Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 133(14), 1397– 1409. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.018094

[2] Sliwa, K., Bauersachs, J., van der Meer, P., Petrie, M. C., Hilfiker-Kleiner, D., Hamdan, R., & Seferovic, P. (2025). Pregnancies in women after peripartum cardiomyopathy: The global European Society of Cardiology EuroObservational Research Programme Peri-Partum Cardiomyopathy Registry. European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf006

[3] Van der Meer, P., Sliwa, K., Bauersachs, J., Hilfiker-Kleiner, D., & Petrie, M. C. (2024). Bromocriptine treatment and outcomes in peripartum cardiomyopathy: The EORP PPCM registry. European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae559

Bio-Hacking Our Nervous System: Starting Our Day Right

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Bio-Hacking Our Nervous System: Starting Our Day Right

Amy Musto
February 2025

Most of us are desperate for just a few more minutes of sleep, but let’s be honest, you’re already awake and sleepily hoping that an extra 5 minutes in bed isn’t going to help. Imagine if you allowed yourself 10 minutes in the morning to gently wake up so your nervous system can have a head start? This approach would give you a better start to your day, more energy, and help soothe aches and pains.

As a yoga teacher, nurse, mom, and animal caretaker, I need these 10 minutes in the morning. My practice is what sets me up for the day. There are moments when I hear an unpleasant sound coming from my dog and I need to jump up and race him out the door. My nervous system is on red alert for the day, not a good start.

This easy guide is designed to be done in 10 minutes and you can certainly race through this and finish in half the time, but that is only going to charge up your nervous system and defeat the purpose. I’ve included modifications that hopefully will meet your individual needs.

These stretches can be done while sitting on the edge of your bed, or in a chair or sitting cross-legged on the floor. You choose where your practice happens on a day to day basis.

Start lengthening your spine by sitting up tall. Imagine there is a string attached to the top of your head and someone is gently pulling it up towards the ceiling. Pause here for a full inhale and exhale.

On your next inhale lift your right arm up towards the ceiling and hold while taking three deep breaths. Allow your gaze to fall towards the floor or float to the ceiling, or anywhere in between. Let the right arm fall back to your lap.

Repeat with three deep breaths while holding your left arm to the ceiling.

If lifting your arm is not comfortable, try bending your arm at the elbow until you are comfortable. If lifting your arm at all is not right for you, focus on sitting quietly with your eyes closed, picturing yourself lifting your arm while taking three rounds of breaths.

On your next inhale let your belly fill up with air, and as you exhale imagine pulling your belly button towards your back.

Once you’ve done this, hold this feeling and twist your upper body to the right and hold for three deep breaths.

After the third round, release and come back to center. Pause for one full round of breaths.

First inhale, and as you exhale, pull that belly button back in and twist the upper body to the other side for three rounds of breaths.

Come back to the center and relax. If twisting is too much for you at the moment, sit, breathe and imagine yourself moving into the twist.

Lastly, on your next inhale, lift your arms up like you were getting ready to hug a crowd of people. As you exhale, bring your arms back and give yourself a hug. Inhale with the arms wide open, and as you exhale switch the positions of your arms so that the opposite arm lays on top. Inhale arms go wide, lift that chest, put a smile on your face even if you don’t feel like it. Exhale again while bringing your arms back into a hug. You can stop here, but if you have more time and it feels good, why not do a few more. Again, if this is too much for your body, close your eyes, breath and imagine yourself moving through these motions

Now you’ve done your 10 minute routine, you have moved your spine in 6 different ways allowing energy to fill and flow. Next on your To Do list is to go out and conquer your day and

be the best version of yourself.

Namaste.