it’s the early 1920s, the world is still at war, and industries are booming, including one that promised an ethereal glow with a brand new material–radium. Recently discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in 1898, it was quickly implemented into everyday items in society. The miracle element produced a glow that was seen as an opportunity to evolve the dials on clocks and watches, a paint mixture containing zinc sulphide and radium was made to make the hands and numbers visible in the dark. And who was responsible for applying this glow-in-the-dark magic? Young, working-class women, unaware that the very paint they handled would slowly poison them.[2]
Image by Freepik
They were employed at factories like the United States Radium Corporation (USRC), sitting in rows, carefully painting tiny numbers on the dials. At the same time, they were encouraged to practice “lip-pointing,” a technique where the tip of the paintbrush was pressed against their lips to keep the strokes fine and precise. The process would often involve the women ingesting a little of the radium-infused paint, and when concerns were brought to their supervisors about the side effects, they were met with claims of it being harmless and even beneficial to health.[2] This is something the vast majority thought as well. A small amount of radium was believed to be a miracle medicine, having been used in commercial products like facial creams and water.[1]
Radium, like all radioactive elements, emits ionizing radiation–an invisible force that can wreak havoc on the human body at a cellular level. When the Radium Girls ingested tiny amounts of radium daily through the instructed technique, the substance didn’t just pass through their bodies–it became part of them.[2] Radium behaves similarly to calcium, with the body mistaking the two and absorbing it into the bones, slowly destroying tissue from the inside out. The results were horrifying: necrosis of the jaw (deterioration of jaw bones), anemia, and cancers.[1] Even Marie Curie, the scientist who discovered radium, fell victim to its deadly effects, dying from aplastic anemia (lack of new blood cells being produced), a condition caused by prolonged exposure to radiation. At the time, little was understood about the dangers of radiation, but the tragic deaths of the Radium Girls helped expose its devastating impact.
One by one, the girls started showing symptoms and falling sick. First, it was the teeth–painfully crumbling and falling out. This was followed by aching bones, mysterious tumors, and deteriorating bodies. The USRC had known prior, maybe not to the full extent, but they at least knew radium was dangerous and had even warned their male scientists to wear protective gear while the women were left in the dark, with the only remaining light source coming from their own bodies.[3]
In 1922, Amelia (Mollie) Maggia, one of the first known victims of radium poisoning, suffered a horrific and mysterious illness that began with a toothache and quickly escalated into agonizing ulcers, bone decay, and excruciating pain. Her jaw had even fallen into her dentist’s hands with no tools needed. By September, the relentless disease had spread to her throat, causing her to die at the mere young age of 24. Her death was falsely labeled as syphilis, a misdiagnosis the company later used to discredit the growing concerns about radium’s dangers. Meanwhile, more of her colleagues including Grace Fryer were beginning to suffer similar symptoms, but their employer, the USRC, refused to take responsibility, even going as far as to fund studies that denied any link between their work and deteriorating health.[3]
Despite being dismissed and ignored, the women fought back, determined to hold the company accountable. Grace Fryer led the legal battle, securing a lawyer after years of rejections, but the statute of limitations and lack of legal recognition for radium poisoning made the case an uphill climb.[3] Eventually, in 1927, the women settled out of court, but their story gained national attention, inspiring another group of dial painters in Illinois, led by Catherine Wolfe Donohue, to continue the fight. Even as she wasted away from a massive tumor, Donohue testified from her deathbed in 1938 ultimately winning justice and helping to establish workplace safety laws that still protect workers today.[1] The Radium Girls’ suffering was immeasurable, but their bravery changed labor rights forever; Their legacy serves as a powerful reminder that perseverance and courage can ignite lasting change, ensuring safer workplaces for future generations.
References
[1] Balkansky, A. (2019, March 19). Radium Girls: Living Dead Women. Library of Congress Blogs. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2019/03/radium-girls-living-dead-women/
[2] Bryan-Quamina, G. (2023, April 11). The Radium Girls. Science Museum Group. https://blog.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/the-radium-girls/
[3] Moore, K. (2017, May 5). The Forgotten Story Of The Radium Girls, Whose Deaths Saved Thousands Of Workers’ Lives. https://www.afacwa.org/the_forgotten_story_of_the_radium_girls_whose_deaths_saved_thousands_of_workers_lives
It all began with a woman–Lucy, the ancient ancestor whose discovery reshaped our entire understanding of evolution. While she might’ve not been the first hominin to walk the Earth, her remarkably well preserved remains provided the first ground breaking evidence of early bipedalism, confirming that our ancestors walked upright long before they developed large brains. Unearthed in 1974 in Ethiopia’s Afar region, she was named after “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” by The Beatles, which played in the background as scientists celebrated their find. Lucy’s skeleton became a key piece in the puzzle of human evolution, cementing Africa’s role as the cradle of humankind and sparking a wave of research that continues to this day.
Lucy’s skeleton, which was about 40% complete, revealed critical information about early hominins. Her anatomical structure confirmed that Australopithecus afarensis was fully bipedal, meaning that walking on two legs evolved before larger brain development occurred. This challenged earlier theories that intelligence was the first major evolutionary shift. Instead, Lucy demonstrated that bipedalism allowed early hominins to free their hands for tool use, food gathering, and social interactions.
Her discovery also arrived at a crucial turning point in paleoanthropology. “Lucy’s discovery came at a very important moment in paleoanthropology, when there was beginning to be greater public awareness that Africa is the cradle of humankind,” said Dr. Ebeth Sawchuk, Associate Curator of Human Evolution, in A Groundbreaking Discovery Turns 50: Celebrating the Story of Lucy. Before Lucy, many still clung to outdated ideas that human evolution had stronger roots in other parts of the world. However, as highlighted by the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University, Lucy provided irrefutable fossil evidence that early human ancestors originated in Africa, reinforcing the continent’s role in our evolutionary story.
Lucy’s discovery not only revolutionized our understanding of human evolution but also played a pivotal role in advancing research on women’s biology. Her remarkably preserved skeleton provided crucial insights into the anatomical structure of early hominins, including key differences in pelvic shape and locomotion that shed light on childbirth and reproductive adaptations in human ancestors. By studying Lucy and other female hominin fossils, scientists have gained a deeper understanding of how biological and evolutionary pressures shaped the development of female physiology, influencing everything from bipedalism to maternal health in modern humans.
Lucy’s influence reaches far beyond the realm of science—her discovery has shaped anthropology, philosophy, and even our understanding of what it means to be human. She stands as a reminder to us that all humans are linked by a lineage that stretches back millions of years. From the African plains where she once walked to the intricate societies we inhabit today.
Today, cutting-edge technologies like DNA analysis, artificial intelligence, and 3D fossil reconstruction are shedding new light on our origins. As ongoing discoveries continue to refine our understanding of human evolution, they also highlight the crucial role of women in shaping our species’ history—from the reproductive adaptations of early hominins to the impact of maternal health on survival. While research continues to evolve, one thing remains certain—Lucy’s story was only the beginning.
References
[1] Alger, A. (2024, November 24). An Iconic Discovery: Celebrating the Story of Lucy. Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.cmnh.org/learn/science-blog/2024/11/24/a-groundbreaking-discovery-turns-50-celebrating-the-story-of-lucy
[2] Hendry, L., & Wilson, M. (n.d.). Australopithecus afarensis, Lucy’s species. Natural History Museum. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html
[3] Lucy’s Story | Institute of Human Origins. (n.d.). Institute of Human Origins. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story
Silent Struggles: Women’s Mental Health in the 1950’s
Harshitha Chaganti October 2024
Today mental health awareness has been deeply engraved into society; however, for those alive during the 1950’s, like Marilyn Monroe and Rosemary Kennedey, the topic of mental health was seen as a taboo. Those who expressed struggles with their mental health were quickly labeled as “lunatics’ and often faced harsh prejudices. The experiences of the women that came forward made it even more unlikely that other women would follow. Women faced heightened mental health issues due to the expectation of perfection, with emotional struggles often dismissed as “hysteria” or weakness, leading to isolation and inadequate care. The lives of many celebrities and public figures is a powerful example of how this stigma affected women in the spotlight.
Those who expressed themselves were subjected to severe discrimination. Many were labeled as “unstable” or “hysterical,” leading to social isolation or damaged reputation, particularly for women. In Hollywood, this could mean being dropped from film roles, losing contracts, or being forced into secrecy to maintain a perfect public image.
Although Norma Jean Monroe was consistently seen in the spotlight by her stage name Marilyn, she was open about her struggles with depression and anxiety, at a time when admitting to such issues would ruin her career. Her decision to seek help likely stemmed from her childhood experiences, having grown up with a mother who was frequently in and out of asylums. Despite her efforts to seek out therapy, the limited understanding and support available at the time often left her feeling misunderstood and isolated.
Tragically, on August 5, 1962, she found dead from an apparent overdose, her death was ruled a probable suicide, though conspiracy theories have persisted over the years. Monroe had long struggled with her mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, compounded with her tumultuous personal life and highlighted the immense pressures she faced and the lack of effective mental health care during her time. Her death shocked the world and became a symbol of the darker side of fame and the toll it can take on mental health.
Back then, treatments for mental health issues were often harsh and limited. Common methods of treatments include things such as: electroconvulsive therapy(ECT), which involves sending electric currents through the brain, and lobotomies, a surgical procedure that aimed to reduce symptoms but often left patients with severe side effects. Psychoanalysis was also popular, with therapists exploring unconscious thoughts, but it wasn’t always effective. Many people were sent to mental institutions, where conditions could be poor and treatment was not always helpful.
A tragic and well-known cause of one of treatment involved Rose Marie “ Rosemary” Kennedy, the sister of former President John F. Kennedy. She underwent a lobotomy in 1941, a procedure that was intended to manage her mood swings and behavioral issues. However, the surgery left her with severe cognitive and physical impairments, requiring her to live in a care facility for the rest of her life. Her story highlights the dangers and lasting consequences of the harsh mental health treatments used during that era.
The experiences of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Rosemary Kennedy and others in the 1950s revealed the harsh realities and stigma surrounding mental health during the time. Limited understanding and extreme treatments often left individuals struggling in silence, facing damaging consequences.These stories highlight the importance of recognizing and addressing mental health issues with compassion and proper care, a shift that began to take root in the decades that followed.
A Tough Pill to Swallow: Women’s Overmedication and Gender Discrimination in Clinics
Aarya Sawant October 2024
Historically, women have been barred from being physicians due to a number of obstacles set in place. This has resulted in a male-centric view of medicine which has often cost women their lives due to ignorance in biological sex differences. Despite advances in gender equality, this gender bias persists in hospitals to this day.
Prescription drugs are a vital part of the healthcare system, and one that is only going to grow bigger with time as technology advances. Approximately 131 million people in the United states use prescription drugs–75% of whom are women.[1] Children born in 2019 are predicted to spend half of their life taking medication, with women likely spending an estimated 60% (around 50 years) doing so.[2] In fact, women are more likely to take drugs overall, due to obvious factors such as birth control and contraceptives.[2]
With this in mind, it’s shocking to discover that women are excluded from clinical trials, usually due to the reasoning that hormone cycles will provide misleading results.[3] Additionally, women of child-bearing age have been restricted from being tested due to fear of potential birth complications. Instead, men are considered the standard patient, making sweeping generalizations that cause real harm. This begins in the initial process as well, as male cells are used in early testing stages.[3]
As a result, women make up the majority of reported adverse reactions to drugs. Side-effects can most commonly manifest as headaches, nausea, nosebleeds. In more serious cases, patients have been known to suffer from hallucinations, seizures, and cardiac irregularities. Men and women have different levels of metabolism, and women’s kidneys and livers have been observed to process drugs at different rates, as well as drugs lingering longer in the tissue.[2] This issue affects as many as 86 drugs according to a 2020 study by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This includes widely used drugs such as aspirin, morphin, heparin, sertraline, and bupropion.[4]
This doesn’t end with lab testing either, as it extends further to sexism in clinics. While reports from men of adverse side effects from prescription medication are often confirmed and reported by doctors, women’s are largely self-reported, showing a lack of seriousness when taking these cases into account.[5]
It’s apparent that we need to change the way we test prescription drugs, as well as managing drug reports by women with a greater degree of seriousness than at present. Only by challenging and changing the long-standing biases within the medical community can we hope to improve health outcomes for women and create a more equitable healthcare system for all. As we look to the future, it is crucial to advocate for policies and practices that prioritize gender inclusivity, ultimately leading to safer and more effective medical care for everyone.
References
[1] Georgetown University. (2019). Prescription Drugs – Health Policy Institute. Health Policy Institute. https://hpi.georgetown.edu/rxdrugs/
[2] Americans will spend half their lives taking prescription drugs, study finds | Penn State University. (2019). Psu.edu. https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/americans-will-spend-half-their-lives-taking-prescription-drugs-study-finds
[4] Zucker, I., & Prendergast, B. J. (2020). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(1). https://bsd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5[5] Lee, K. M. N., Rushovich, T., Gompers, A., Boulicault, M., Worthington, S., Lockhart, J. W., & Richardson, S. S. (2023). A Gender Hypothesis of sex disparities in adverse drug events. Social Science & Medicine, 339, 116385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116385
As women, fashion has historically been a way for us to express ourselves. This creativity over the years has not only resulted in novice artistic styles, but also led society to controversy over fast-fashion and sizing-inconsistencies. Over time, fashion has evolved from the hand-done craftsmanship of the 18th century to the rapid production cycles of today. While this evolution has made fashion more accessible and diverse, it has also brought new challenges and debates. The ongoing discussion about these issues reflects the impact of fashion on both personal identity and broader societal trends.
Once the 18th century began, fast fashion became a regular occurrence due to the First Industrial Revolution. Before this, workers made clothes by hand, making it a labor-intensive process. Thus buying new clothes was only exclusive to the upper class. Those who belonged to the middle or lower class heavily depended upon second-hand clothing or ended up making their own.
When the rise of factories and workshops grew, it became increasingly easier for companies to cut production costs to cater to middle and lower-income consumers. To carry this idea out, companies directed away from heavy gowns, skirts, and blouses, to simple, ready-made designs, which were cheaper to produce.
From the elegance of the early 1900s, upper-class women were expected to dress very modestly, specifically covering the neck to the floor while wearing corsets and dramatic ornaments/sleeves. Still, the 1900s had its fair share of silhouette trends where women who seemed “top-heavy” actually wore looser tops which they stuffed with extra fabric, achieving said shape.
Today, fashion continues to evolve rapidly, influenced by online trends and social media. While trends still change swiftly, there is a growing emphasis on sustainability, inclusivity, and body positivity. The rise of eco-friendly brands and movements advocating for diverse sizing and gender-neutral clothing reflects a shift towards more representative practices in the fashion industry.
However, specific body image issues still persist. Despite progress, many consumers still face challenges with finding flattering and well-fitting clothes due to size inconsistency and limited options for diverse body shapes. I myself have trouble finding clothes that fit my size range and overall style. Many of my jeans don’t fit my waist, and yet the fabric and length are perfect, then there are others where the pockets are small or nonexistent. There is also ongoing criticism faced by major retailers like H&M and Zara participating in fast fashion. The main concern with this is waste, as most of the products end up in dumps and rivers. The fabric being thrown away takes ages to decompose, releasing harmful microplastics and chemicals into our natural ecosystem. Thankfully other businesses do take the extra steps to minimize their environmental impact and shoppers themselves stay away from fast fashion products.
Fashion has always been a way for people to express themselves, from the hand-crafted garments of the 18th century to today’s fast fashion. While there has been progress in making it more inclusive and sustainable, issues like sizing inconsistencies still remain. The ongoing conversation about these topics highlights the need for a fashion industry that values diversity and prompts positive change. By addressing these challenges, fashion can remain a meaningful and empowering form of self-expression for everyone.
References
[1] Maiti, R., & Leong, C. (2024, January 5). Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact in 2024. Earth.Org. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://earth.org/fast-fashions-detrimental-effect-on-the-environment/
[2] Reddy, K. (2020, August 18). 1900-1909 | Fashion History Timeline. Fashion History Timeline. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1900-1909/ [3] Rominger, A. (2023, July 20). The History & Rise of Fast Fashion: From the 18th Century to Today. Cory Ames. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://coryames.com/history-of-fast-fashion/
Society’s Influence on Young Girls: The Rise of Negative Body Image
Harshitha Chaganti
August 2024
Body image issues among teens have become increasingly common in modern society, largely due to media influence and societal expectations regarding physical appearance. Peer pressure, family dynamics, and cultural norms also play a significant role in shaping teens’ perceptions of their bodies. Society often places value on physical appearance, leading teens to feel that their worth is tied to how they look rather than who they are as individuals.
In the UK, the prevalence of appearance-based bullying among 11 to 16-year-olds is alarmingly high, with over half of young people reporting having experienced it. Of these, 40% endure such bullying at least once a week. A significant 54% of young people state that the bullying began by the age of ten. Additionally, those who are overweight or obese are disproportionately targeted, making them more likely to suffer from appearance-based bullying.[3] This highlights the urgent need for interventions to address this issue and create inclusive environments.
One contributing factor to this rise in appearance-based bullying is the pervasive influence of social media. With the increasing use of social platforms among young people, the pressure to conform to unrealistic beauty standards has intensified, leading to a negative impact on body image and self-esteem.
Dr. Gary Goldfield’s study on social media’s effects on body image shows that participants who limited their social media use had better perception of their overall appearance compared to those who had unrestricted access. However, there was no significant difference in how they perceived their weight after three weeks.[2] Dr. Goldfield’s study adds insight into how excessive screen time, especially on social media platforms, can overwhelm users with images that promote unattainable beauty ideals. As a consequence, this can lead to dissatisfaction with one’s appearance. Thus, limiting social media use potentially stops some of these negative effects.
The impact of social media is not just theoretical; it’s reflected in the lived experiences of young people. Many teens, like Laura, find themselves caught in a cycle of comparison and self-criticism as they navigate the world online.“I would follow all the celebrities my friends did and it started to make me look at them differently. I would look at where they were and what they were wearing and compare it to my life. I started to feel inadequate about the way I dressed and looked.”[4] Laura’s statement highlights how social media shapes teenagers’ self-perception. By comparing themselves to celebrities, teens often feel inadequate about their appearance. This shows the pressure they face to meet unrealistic standards and emphasizes the need to promote self-acceptance.
In addition to the influence of social media, the impact of peer groups on body image and eating behaviors cannot be overlooked. The pressure to conform to the expectations and norms within a peer group can be just as powerful, if not more, in shaping a young person’s self-esteem and behaviors.
Doctor Harris, a medical professional who touched on the topic of peer pressure which is also a form of environmental influence states in a review of the development literature, “Peer groups are one of the main factors that influence the development of disordered eating patterns. Pressure to fit in and meet the group norms is one of the most potent ways that peers can modify personality characteristics.”[1]Dr. Harris’ expertise shows how peer groups strongly influence the development of disordered eating patterns. Pressure to conform to the group norms regarding appearance can lead to unhealthy eating behaviors as individuals strive to fit in. This emphasizes the need to address peer influence in preventing and treating disordered eating.
To foster healthy self-perception, society must value individuals for their inner qualities rather than superficial attributes, promoting inclusivity and diversity. By celebrating diverse body types, cultures, and identities, we can create an environment where people feel accepted for who they are. Educating young people about unrealistic media portrayals and encouraging critical thinking can further support a positive self-image.
References
[1] Alsayed, J. A. (2023, December 15). The Effect of Sociocultural Attitudes on Developing Eating Disorders Among Young Females in Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia. NCBI. Retrieved August 31, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10789473/#REF4
[2] Body image in childhood. (n.d.). Mental Health Foundation. Retrieved August 31, 2024, from https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/articles/body-image-report-executive-summary/body-image-childhood
[3] Reducing social media use significantly improves body image in teens, young adults. (2023, February 23). American Psychological Association. Retrieved August 31, 2024, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2023/02/social-media-body-image
[4] Suryajaya, L. (2022, March 31). What Students Are Saying About How Social Media Affects Their Body Image (Published 2022). The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/31/learning/what-students-are-saying-about-how-social-media-affects-their-body-image.html
Shattered Illusions: The Exploitation of Young Women in K-pop
Tanvir Bhamra
August 2024
The global rise of K-pop has captivated millions, turning the genre into a multi-billion dollar industry fueled by the allure of glittering performances, catchy tunes, and meticulously crafted idols. Behind the carefully curated images of perfection, the young women who fuel this global phenomenon frequently endure relentless and unforgiving standards. Young women in K-Pop are often subjected to grueling schedules, strict control over their personal lives, and immense pressure to conform to unrealistic beauty standards.
As these women are molded into idols, their lives become a constant performance, both on and off stage. The relentless pursuit of perfection means that every aspect of their existence is scrutinized, from their weight and appearance to their behavior and personal relationships, with idols having strict diets and routines. These diets are crafted with the sole purpose of ensuring that idols maintain a particular body type, typically very slim, with little regard for the individual’s nutritional needs or overall health. Such diets can come as one fruit per meal, or even surviving on one ice cube a day.[3] The aftereffects of such lead to these idols facing mental health issues like depression and anxiety, while continuing the façade of happiness and perfection for their fans.
The level of control companies have over idols frequently strips them of their autonomy, leaving them no room to express their true selves. In addition, the harsh competition promotes a society where even a minor mishap can lead to extreme yet contrasting consequences; throughout the many companies of K-pop, members have left their groups for multiple reasons, recently Taeil from NCT left due to sexual crime allegations, with some of his fans still providing their support.[1] While it was appropriate to have him kicked out, Soojin, on the other hand, left the group (G)I-DLE due to alleged bullying accusations that were later proven false due to lack of evidence.[4] Of course, there are many more examples where idols have to undergo these instances, such as having to apologize for smaller things like dating someone, all the meanwhile male idols are given a bit more leeway.
With the boom of K-pop came young teens with dreams of joining the stage, eventually leading companies to debut girls as young as 13. These young hopefuls, eager to achieve stardom, often find themselves thrust into an industry that demands perfection and sacrifice at any cost. These teens experience the same intense aftereffects of stardom as their older counterparts all while navigating the ways of life. The rigorous training process puts tremendous pressure to succeed, often at the expense of their physical and mental well-being.
As more young teens entered the K-pop scene, the pressure to succeed intensified. These aspiring idols faced not only the challenges of fame but also the heavy cost of their training and debut. Despite massive revenue generated by K-pop groups, many idols, both men and women, only see a fraction of the profits or none at all. Due to the concept of “Idol debt”, trainees are seen as an investment to companies, so after one debuts they are responsible for paying the company back with the money they make from performances. This debt includes the cost of their training, housing, food, and even the production of music and music videos, which can run into hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Unless the group is from a “big 4” company (Jyp, YG, Hybe, SM), this often means years of performing without seeing any real financial reward. Many ex-idols have come out to address this issue, one being former “Momoland” member, Daisy, who revealed that she had been in debt of 150k USD (KRW) and was only paid once during her two years as an idol, with her part-time job paying 1.3 times more in comparison.[2]
While providing entertainment and joy to millions, the K-pop industry is built on the exploitation of trainees and idols. Despite their global fame and success, many endure a harsh reality based on intense pressure and lack of autonomy.
References
[1] Clarke-Billings, L. (2024, August 28). K-pop singer leaves boy band over sexual crime accusation. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crlree49382o
[2] Daisy [@daisiesforyu]. (2024, April 4). Unpopular opinion: 17 year olds should not be worrying about debt everyday 😭😭😭😭😭😭[Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@daisiesforyu/video/7354223325779987728?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7258774295826990638
[3] De La Cruz, B. (2023, December 6). Toxic Beauty Standards of Korean Idols | by Baleria De La Cruz | Past/Present/Pop. Medium. Retrieved August 13, 2024, from https://medium.com/past-present-pop/toxic-beauty-standards-of-korean-idols-5bdcf5e4ab83 [4] Sai, A. (2023, October 17). Explained: Former (G)I-DLE member Soojin’s bullying allegations and controversy. sportskeeda. https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/explained-former-g-i-dle-member-soojin-s-bullying-allegations-controversy
A Natural Process and A Leading Cause of Maternal Mortality Worldwide
Isha Gupta
July 2024
The birth of a baby is often a tremendously joyous occasion as parents welcome a new member to their family. Pregnancy and childbirth are accompanied by drastic changes to physical and mental health. Even after their baby is born, women can experience health effects as their bodies adjust to the postpartum period. A common experience is postpartum bleeding, also referred to as lochia.[1] New mothers experience bleeding from the vagina after childbirth due to shedding and restoration of the womb lining.[2] Experiencing some bleeding is a normal part of the postpartum period. However, excessive blood loss, also referred to as postpartum hemorrhage, is a critical maternal health concern to be aware of, given that it is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide.[3]
Women may experience postpartum bleeding regardless of if they had a vaginal delivery or Cesarean section.[2] Postpartum bleeding can last a few weeks.[1] The bleeding could temporarily get heavier and be accompanied by cramps, particularly during breastfeeding, due to the related uterine contractions.[1, 2]
Hospital and postpartum pads help effectively manage heavier bleeding, and women can use menstrual pads as their bleeding subsides.[2] Also, women who gave birth vaginally could potentially consider creating and using padsicles, an innovative term for chilled or frozen sanitary pads. Padsicles could help them reduce pain, swelling, and bruising, while simultaneously, managing bleeding and promoting healing.[4] New mothers are advised to refrain from using tampons and menstrual cups, until they have their postnatal checkup and their healthcare provider approves, in case there are wounds, tears, or cuts around the vagina, and to prevent infection while the body is healing.[1, 2]
Women should promptly seek a medical professional if they lose so much blood that they have to change their pad in less than an hour, and if the bleeding does not subside over time.[2] Also, profuse large blood clots could be a sign of the uterus having difficulty shrinking back to its original size.[2] Additionally, women experiencing postpartum bleeding should seek medical attention if they experience dizziness, irregular heartbeat, or signs of infection such as fever and chills.[2]
Postpartum hemorrhage is characterized by blood loss of 500 mL or more.[3] Postpartum hemorrhage usually occurs within 24 hours after childbirth.[5] However, it can also occur up to 12 weeks after birth.[5] Therefore, it is very important for new mothers to be aware of the signs and monitor their blood loss, in order to prevent adverse outcomes including death. Along with persistent and excessive bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage can be accompanied by symptoms of decreased blood pressure such as blurred vision, dizziness, or feeling faint.[5] Other signs of postpartum hemorrhage include pale skin, nausea, vomiting, and worsening abdominal or pelvic pain.[5] A common method that medical professionals determine the amount of blood loss among new mothers is by weighing their blood-soaked pads.[5] Additional diagnostic tests for postpartum hemorrhage include blood tests to measure red blood cells and clotting factors as well as ultrasounds of the uterus and related organs.[5]
One of the most common causes of postpartum hemorrhage is a soft and weak uterus, referred to as uterine atony.[5] Another common cause is uterine trauma, which can occur due to damage caused to the uterus, cervix, vagina, or perineum during childbirth.[5] The use of medical tools such as forceps and vacuum extraction during childbirth can increase women’s risk of uterine trauma.[5] Postpartum hemorrhage can also occur when the entire placenta does not separate from the wall of the uterus, referred to as retained placental tissue.[5]In addition, postpartum hemorrhage can occur in women who have coagulation disorders or conditions like eclampsia, because they can interfere with their body’s clotting ability.[5] Diverse factors can influence the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, including having more than one baby simultaneously, giving birth to a large baby, prolonged labor, and older maternal age.[5]
There are diverse ways postpartum hemorrhage could be treated. Each woman should be given a personalized treatment plan based on her personal root cause and the particular amount of blood she has lost. For instance, if postpartum hemorrhage is caused by uterine atony, then specific medications such as oxytocin or prostaglandins like misoprostol could help induce contractions.[5] Other ways postpartum hemorrhage is treated include uterine massages to help uterine muscles contract, removing retained placental tissue, and repairing tears or lacerations on the vagina, cervix, or uterus.[5] Additionally, the uterus could be packed with sterile gauze.[5] Moreover, a balloon could be utilized to put pressure on uterine walls.[5]In rare cases, a surgeon might need to make an incision in a woman’s abdomen to effectively determine the source of her postpartum hemorrhage, known as laparotomy, or surgically remove her womb, known as hysterectomy.[5] Furthermore, women suffering from postpartum hemorrhage may need blood transfusions to replenish the blood lost.[5]
Postpartum hemorrhage could be a painful and even traumatic experience for new mothers and it could be a stressful experience for their loved ones.[3] Furthermore, in many communities around the world, bleeding during and after childbirth is considered impure and to be caused by evil spirits, similar to stigmas surrounding menstrual bleeding.[3] Negative socio-cultural perceptions and taboos could influence delays in seeking medical attention, especially since women and their community members may end up ignoring excessive blood loss until new mothers become unconscious.[3] Combating misinformation and raising awareness of both natural postpartum bleeding and postpartum hemorrhage is crucial for improving new mothers’ health and well-being. Early detection and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage helps lead to healthier outcomes and save women’s lives.[5]
Postpartum bleeding is a common experience among new mothers. Nevertheless, it is essential to effectively understand and distinguish normal postpartum blood loss and postpartum hemorrhage.[6]It is important for women to feel safe and comfortable sharing concerns about their health after childbirth so that serious maternal health concerns like postpartum hemorrhage can be addressed efficiently.
References
[1] National Health Service. (2024, April 25). Your body after the birth. National Health Service. https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/after-the-birth/your-body/
[2] Watson, S. (2018, July 23). Is Postpartum Bleeding Normal?. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/is-postpartum-bleeding-normal
[3] Akter, S., Forbes, G., Vazquez Corona, M., Miller, S., Althabe, F., Coomarasamy, A., Gallos, I. D., Oladapo, O. T., Vogel, J. P., Lorencatto, F., & Bohren, M. A. (2023). Perceptions and experiences of the prevention, detection, and management of postpartum haemorrhage: a qualitative evidence synthesis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11(11), CD013795. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013795.pub2
[4] Higuera, V. (2019, December 18). Padsicles: How to Make Them, How To Use Them, Why We Love Them. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/padsicles
[6] Fletcher, S., Grotegut, C. A., & James, A. H. (2012). Lochia patterns among normal women: a systematic review. Journal of women’s health (2002), 21(12), 1290–1294. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.3668
How Federal Pell Grants for Incarcerated Women Could Improve Quality of Life and Change the Fabric of Education in the U.S.
Gabriela Castro April 2024
There is no question that going to college affects life outcomes. The most apparent effect is that higher education is strongly correlated with higher income.[31] The benefits aren’t limited to finances. According to one study, college completion is associated with less health issues and greater longevity across all racial and ethnic identities.[42] Furthermore, public resources like Federal Pell Grants help reduce the cost of going to college for those who qualify based on financial need. More specifically, it helps students who are from lower income brackets receive more robust financial aid for college through the program.
Prior to 2020, Federal Pell Grants were not available to people in incarceration.[26] This was due to the 1994 Crime Bill which prohibited people serving prison sentences from accessing federal aid.[23] The sole exception for this law was made in 2015 by the Department of Education, which implemented the Second Chance Pell Experimental Sites Initiative (SCP), which essentially tested using federal financial aid at state and federal prisons and invited specific colleges to participate in 2016.[36]
That is until a December 2020 Supreme Court decision in which it was decided that incarcerated individuals were eligible for the Pell Grant, which went into effect in July 2021.[13] The law was further amended in 2022 when legislators expanded Pell Grant eligibility to include prison education programs (PEP), effective July 2023.[4] With the option to fund college education through federal resources now available to them, Pell Grants can change the lives of incarcerated women across the U.S. through educational attainment, higher income potential, better physical and mental health, reduce unemployment rates, lower recidivism rates, and better generational outcomes.
In the U.S., college average annual tuition costs $10,662 for public in-state institutions, $23,630 for public out-of-state colleges, and $42,162 for private colleges.[21] These costs grow and will continue to grow every year and its impact shows. By the end of 2023, the average college loan debt was $37,090 in total per borrower.[18] The rising cost can discourage people from finishing their degrees. It is estimated that 32.9% of students dropped out of college in 2023.[19] When a 2022 survey studied why, 59% of students who dropped out before COVID and 52% of students who dropped out during COVID cited the cost of attending college as a critical reason for dropping out.[37] This is where the Pell Grant makes a difference. For the 2023-2024 award year, eligible Pell Grant recipients can receive as much as $7,395 from the program each year,[17] and it can be renewed for up to 6 years.[3] Not only does the Pell Grant make a direct financial impact, but students who receive it can be considered for other forms of financial aid from their college or universities such as scholarships simply because eligibility for Pell Grants can be used as an indicator of financial need.
Current Educational Attainment Trends Among Incarcerated Women
Incarcerated people, and more specifically, incarcerated women, are a unique demographic when we consider college attendance and graduation. In 2021, the US Census Bureau found that 37.9% of U.S. adults over 25 years old held a degree.[34] By comparison, a 2016 study found that 5.1% of incarcerated women held a bachelor’s degree while 11% had completed some college.[27]
While the proportion of incarcerated women who have any college experience or completed a degree is higher than the proportion of incarcerated men who have at least some college experience or earned a degree, incarcerated men are twice as likely to have entered prison with a GED than women.[27] Furthermore, a 2019 study found that while about 1 in 4 people who are incarcerated pursue education while in prison, only 7% complete a certificate and 2% complete an associate’s degree during their sentence.[28]
When we consider that the average prison inmate with a job working a for state-owned businesses earn between 33 cents and $1.41 per hour[33] and people with criminal records are ineligible for many scholarships, it is no wonder many incarcerated people can not afford a college education and are therefore dependent on publicly subsidized education in order to further their education.
The data shows that when academic and vocational classes are available in prisons, incarcerated women use education to their advantage. After the implementation of the Second Chance Pell Program (SCP), it was found that 15% of incarcerated women were enrolled in a college program while 7% earned a credential in 2021.[6] Researchers presume that the reason women appear to earn credentials at half of their enrollment rates has to do with disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and that women are completing their credentials after being released, which research is not keen to keep track of once they have served their sentences.[6]
A follow-up report to these findings found that between 2021 and 2022, incarcerated women made up 13% of incarcerated individuals enrolled in SCP and 11% of those who completed credentials.[36] This disparity could be due to the type of credentials being offered by a correctional facility (i.e. whether it be a certificate or a bachelor’s degree) since certain credentials may take more time to complete than others.[36] Regardless, incarcerated women make up a larger proportion of the incarcerated population enrolled in Federal Pell Grant-sponsored educational programs than they make up the incarcerated population to begin with.[39]
College Pell Grants Can Affect Social Outcomes for Incarcerated Women
If Pell Grants persist in their availability to incarcerated populations, they could change socioeconomic outcomes immensely for formerly incarcerated women. Not only could Pell Grants improve educational attainment, and consequently, income among incarcerated women,[31] but it could improve health and personal well-being, employment outcomes, recidivism rates, and break generational cycles.
Health and Well-being
The importance of education on health for incarcerated women is crucial to address. Approximately 80% of women in prison have a diagnosed psychological issue.[1] Women in prison are five times more likely to experience mental health difficulties than women in the general population.[38] Adults who do not have higher education are more likely to smoke and have an unhealthy diet, and be sedentary than those who do have higher education.[10][22][30][35] Living an inactive lifestyle is tied to poorer mental health, so it is in the best interest of incarcerated women to be educated.[14] This way, they are more informed about lifestyle habits that hinder their health and can consciously improve their well-being.
Employment Rates
In 2008, it was estimated that 43.6% of formerly incarcerated black women and 23.3% of formerly incarcerated white women were unemployed.[16] To put this into perspective, this was during the 2008 Great Recession, where 11.7% of women, including 15.3% of black women and 11.1% of white women were unemployed in the general U.S. population.[41] This highlights not only economic disparities, but racial disparities among the formerly incarcerated. While we are not living in the same recession, life post-COVID has left its mark across many fields as many jobs have transitioned between in-person to remote and hybrid models. Additionally, COVID-19 has not prevented growing education expectations in labor-market demands. In fact, it is estimated that 70% of jobs will require college education by 2027.[9] Although many incarcerated women may not complete their degrees while in prison, they can still gain valuable benefits from their college experience, including improved employment opportunities and higher wages compared to peers without any college experience.
Recidivism Rates
It is estimated that 50% of formerly incarcerated women recidivate.[12] Research shows that higher education reduces recidivism rates[7]–one study found that prison education programs reduce recidivism rates by as much as 43%.[11][15] This is because education can give inmates the social facilities to work cooperatively with others, giving them the ability to interact prosocially in other settings and thus, reduce likelihood to offend again.[8][15] The changes in offending rates and positive social change extend beyond just incarcerated women.
Breaking Generational Curses
An analysis by the Prison Policy Initiative found that 72% of women who are incarcerated earned below the poverty line before the beginning of their sentences.[32] It should be noted that more than half of incarcerated women are parents.[24] A mother’s level of education is the strongest predictor of cognitive development in children and is correlated with their likelihood of attaining a college education.[20][2] Given that education is closely tied with income level, incarcerated women who have children and earn college degrees may improve the likelihood that their children will go to college and subsequently also earn more.[5][31] Lastly, Pell Grants for incarcerated women could serve as a protective factor by reducing the likelihood that their children may offend.[15]
Future Considerations
For all the reasons mentioned previously, it is clear that Federal Pell Grants stand to benefit one of the most marginalized groups in the U.S. Still, there is room for improvement.
To demonstrate how, some minority groups are underrepresented amongst people in incarceration who were enrolled in Pell Grant-sponsored educational programs, and it can vary based on gender. Hispanic women make up 19% of the prison population, but only 6% of those who accessed education programs in prison with Pell Grants between 2021-2022.[36] This disparity is similar for incarcerated Hispanic men.[36] Incarcerated African-American women attend Pell Grant programs at a slightly higher rate than the proportion of the incarcerated women population that they make up, while their male counterparts are underrepresented in Pell Grant educational programs by 6%.[36] Native American women are slightly underrepresented in these programs by 1%.[36] Incarcerated white women on the other hand, are overrepresented in Pell Grant programs by 18%.[36]
In short, efforts to promote college education in prisons that incarcerate women need to address racial equity by encouraging women of color–especially Hispanic women–to access resources such as Federal Pell Grants to fund their education. If not, these efforts will only uphold underrepresentation and further marginalization.
This is critical because Hispanic women are the most disenfranchised by the gender wage gap.[40] In 2021, when controlling for similar positions, a report found that Hispanic women and Native American women both make 58 cents relative to every dollar non-Hispanic white men make.[40] Black women make 63 cents per dollar a non-Hispanic white man makes.[40] White women make 79 cents relative to every dollar non-Hispanic white men make.[40] There are many factors which experts contend contribute to the gender pay gap, but encouraging women–especially women of color–to advocate for themselves and seek the means for a higher income by continuing with their education is a good place to start. It’s worth noting that furthering education beyond a high school diploma helps to close this wage gap.[40]
Yet another issue to be addressed is prejudiced hiring practices. It is well-documented that racial and ethnic minorities face discriminatory hiring practices. In one experiment, it was found that employers were more likely to call back or offer work positions to non-Hispanic white male job applicants with criminal records than African-American or Hispanic male applicants who did not have criminal records.[29] In another study, formerly incarcerated Latinas and African-American women were less likely to get a positive response from an employer when applying to a job than formerly incarcerated white women.[25] The inequitable hardship that formerly incarcerated racial minority women in particular face when it comes to job seeking cannot be understated. Education–however helpful on its own–is not enough to change systemic issues stemming from internal biases and inadequate effort towards restorative justice.
In summary, Federal Pell Grants recently permitted for people in incarceration can offer higher education which would increase income to formerly incarcerated women. Additionally, it could enhance physical and psychosocial health outcomes. Given that education could also improve employment, these factors in combination help to lower recidivism rates among those who complete their academic credentials. This has the double benefit of not only rectifying the lives of formerly incarcerated women, but it also has the potential to break harmful generational cycles such as poverty and involvement in criminal behavior in their kids’ lifetimes. The barriers to these benefits is the inequitable utilization of Pell Grants across racial minority groups as well as implicit hiring biases against minorities and more overt biases against those with criminal records. Federal Pell Grants, while monumental in their impact, are just a preliminary solution in closing the gaps between incarcerated women and a life of liberty and justice for all.
References
[1] “10 Things to know about women in prison.” (2021). World Health Organization . www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/prisons-and-health/focus-areas/womens-health/10-things-to-know-about-women-in-prison
[2] Augustine, J. M. (2017). Increased educational attainment among U.S. mothers and their children’s academic expectations. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 52, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2017.08.001
[7] Choate, B. R., & Normore, A. H. (2013). Leadership’s role in reducing jail violence and recidivism. In A. H. Normore & N. Erbe (Eds.), Advances in Educational Administration (Vol. 20, pp. 163–180). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3660(2013)0000020009
[8] Cobbina, J. E. (2010). Reintegration success and failure: Factors impacting reintegration among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(3), 210–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509671003666602
How the First Woman Elected as Mexico’s President May Change the Economic Future for Mexican Women
Gabriela Castro June 2024
Mexico held its general election on June 2nd, 2024.[4] The election included voting for the next candidate to hold office for the six-year presidential term following the term of current Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO for short).[4] It was announced that Gloria Sheinbaum of Mexico’s left-wing National Regeneration Movement (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional or MORENA in Spanish) political party won in a landslide, holding about 59.5% of citizens’ votes.[10][1]
In addition to being the first woman elected as Mexico’s president, Sheinbaum holds the highest number of votes in the country’s presidential election history (35.9 million), exceeding current President Obrador’s record of 30.1 million votes in 2018.[1]
Sheinbaum has built her campaign on a myriad of pledges which she has outlined in her agenda,“100 Steps for Transformation.”[13] Many of these pledges are a continuation of AMLO’s political focus, but Sheinbaum is also notably focused on furthering social and economic progress not attributable to her predecessor.[8][13] What exactly are the specifics of these policy changes and how could they change the status quo and economic stability for women?
During his presidency, AMLO has set forth policies to increase minimum wage.[15] He established a minimum wage of 88 pesos (5 US dollars) per day in 2018 with a goal of reaching a minimum wage of 15 USD by the end of his term in 2024.[15] As of 2024, the general minimum wage in Mexico is 248.93 pesos per day (13.48 US dollars) and the minimum wage in the nation’s northern border is 375 pesos per day (20.31 US dollars).[14][5]
Sheinbaum has outlined plans to continue to raise the minimum wage by 11% annually during her term as president.[13] This means that by 2030, Mexico’s general minimum wage would increase to 465.60 pesos per day and 701.41 pesos per day in Mexico’s northern border region.[13][14] This is the equivalent of earning $25.22 and $37.99 daily in the U.S. today.[5]
Raising the minimum wage is critical for Mexico’s “informal workers,” which are employees who work jobs that do not require many skills–such as formal education or extensive training–and are not taxed or subject to government supervision.[12] In essence, this is akin to freelance work, only it is crucial for many households.[2][6]
Given what is known about the nature of informal work, increasing the minimum wage during Sheinbaum’s term would benefit women significantly. Informal work is historically pervasive among women in Mexico.[2] Recently, it was estimated that 56% of women are informal workers.[6] Additionally, informal work is less likely to be voluntary for women than men.[2] This is due to the fact that cutbacks in public sector jobs and lower wages for men force women–particularly those who are older or less educated–into the informal workforce in an effort to supplement and diversify family income.[2] Not only is involuntary work underpaid, but women who are either self-employed and work independently or self-employed while employing other workers still earn considerably less wages than women who are formally employed.[2] The higher market value set on labor due to an increased minimum wage can have the effect of not only increasing income for women who work informally, but also improving standards for those who work formally and women who are self-employed.
Formalizing Informal Labor
On top of informal workers not having labor rights or protection, they also are often not granted social security, pension plans, insurance, access to health care, or paid time off.[12] Informal workers make up 54.5% of Mexico’s workforce.[6] While experts have recommended changing this to allow for growth, there has been a dearth of efforts to actually formalize labor.[7]
Sheinbaum plans to change this by formalizing informal work.[3] This means expanding social security so that it is accessible to informal workers, which can incentivize informal workers to apply to roles which may grant them many benefits which were previously only available to those who work in formal roles.[3] Given that women are the most precarious members of the informal workforce, having social benefits improves prospects in regards to meeting their personal needs.[2]
Offering Pensions
Many older Mexicans cannot retire because they lack retirement savings.[12] Sheinbaum intends to mitigate the issues associated with retirement by providing a partial pension to women ages 60 to 64, equivalent to half of that administered to those 65 and older.[9] This helps assuage financial burden and stress for women who otherwise would be dependent on their spouse, children, or extended family to assist them in older age as their needs may grow. Needless to say, bolstering retirement for women through pensions is one example of the many social benefits that can transform the lives of women at different stages of life.
Takeaways
Sheinbaum trailblazed her way to becoming the first woman elected as president in Mexico’s 200 year history.[11] Multiple policy focuses in her strategic policy agenda, “100 Steps for Transformation,” can advance the way women grow economically and socially.[13] By increasing minimum wage, formalizing freelance work, and expanding pensions, Sheinbaum has the potential to increase standard of living for informal working women, formally working women, self-employed women, and older women who are susceptible to financial hardship. While promising, Sheinbaum’s plan should be enacted as soon as possible to realize the economic freedom Sheinbaum seeks to cultivate for women from all walks of life.
References
[1] Arroyo, L. (2024, June 3). Datos | Sheinbaum, la presidenta más votada en la historia reciente de México. El País México. https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2024-06-03/datos-sheinbaum-la-presidenta-mas-votada-en-la-historia-de-mexico.html
[2] Biles, J. J. (2008). Informal Work and Livelihoods in Mexico: Getting By or Getting Ahead?nformal Work and Livelihoods in Mexico: Getting By or Getting Ahead?∗. The Professional Geographer, 60(4), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330120802288743
[3] Dong, Wenchao. (2024, June 14). Top Issues on New President of Mexico’s Labor and Employment Agenda. HRPolicy. https://www.hrpolicy.org/insight-and-research/resources/2024/hr_workforce/public/06/top-issues-on-new-president-of-mexico%e2%80%99s-labor-and/
[4] Elección Federal 2024. (2024). Instituto Nacional Electoral. https://ine.mx/voto-y-elecciones/elecciones-2024/eleccion-federal-2024/
[5] Guagenti, C. (2024, June 14). MXN to USD: Convert Mexican Peso To United States Dollar. Forbes Advisor. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/money-transfer/currency-converter/mxn-usd/
[6] INDICADORES DE OCUPACIÓN Y EMPLEO (206/24). (2024). National Institute of Statistics and Geography. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2024/IOE/IOE2024_03.pdf
[7] Informal employment in Mexico: Current situation, policies and challenges. (n.d.). International Labor Organization.
[8] Ioanes, E. (2024, June 2). What to know about Claudia Sheinbaum, Mexico’s next president. Vox. https://www.vox.com/politics/353131/claudia-sheinbaum-amlo-lopez-obrador-mexico-elections-politics-morena-pri-pan
[9] Motwani, A. (2024, June 3). Claudia Sheinbaum’s Vision for the Future of Work in Mexico. Mexico Business. https://mexicobusiness.news/talent/news/claudia-sheinbaums-vision-future-work-mexico
[10] NEWS WIRES. (2024, June 3). Ruling leftist party candidate Sheinbaum elected Mexico’s first female president. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240603-sheinbaum-set-to-win-mexico-election-becoming-first-female-president
[11] Rivers, M. (2024, June 3). “Presidenta! Presidenta!” chants fill victory party as 1st female president elected: ANALYSIS. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/presidenta-presidenta-chants-fill-victory-party-1st-female/story?id=110772353
[12] Rodriguez Diaz, A. (2023, February 21). How Labor Informality in Mexico Hinders Socioeconomic Progress. HU Econ Review. https://www.economicsreview.org/post/how-labor-informality-in-mexico-hinders-socioeconomic-progress
[13] Sheinbaum proposes double-digit minimum wage increases through 2030. (2024, June 5). América Economía. http://www.americaeconomia.com/en/politics/sheinbaum-proposes-double-digit-minimum-wage-increases-through-2030
[14] Suárez, K. (2023, December 1). El salario mínimo en México aumentará un 20% en 2024. El País México. https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-12-01/el-salario-minimo-en-mexico-aumentara-un-20-en-2024.html
[15] White, K. (2024, January 8). Mexico increases minimum wage by 20% in 2024. https://info.siteselectiongroup.com/blog/mexico-increases-minimum-wage-by-20-in-2024
