Category: Made For The World

Eunice Foote: A Scientist Written Out of History 

Harshitha Chaganti 
March 2025

Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Marie Curie are the names that often come to mind when we think of great scientists, yet only one of them is a woman. Throughout history, countless women have made groundbreaking scientific discoveries, only to have their contributions overlooked or credited to men. One such scientist is Eunice Newton Foote, a pioneering researcher whose work on the greenhouse effect predated some of the most well-known climate science, yet for years her name remained in the shadows of history.

Eunice Newton Foote was born on July 17, 1819 in Goshen, Connecticut. She pursued her education at the Troy Female Seminary (now Emma Willard School), an institution famous for its progressive approach to women’s education during the era. There, she developed an interest in scientific subjects, laying the groundwork for her future experiments.

In 1856, Foote conducted experiments to understand the warming effect of various different atmospheric gases. Using household items, glass cylinders, thermometers, and an air pump, she measured how gases carbon dioxide (then known as “carbonic acid gas”) and water vapor absorbed heat when exposed to sunlight. Her findings were groundbreaking: 

• Carbon Dioxide’s Heat Absorption: Foote observed that carbon dioxide absorbed more heat and retained it longer than other gases, leading her to conclude that an atmosphere rich in this gas would elevate Earth’s temperature. 
• Implications for Climate: She hypothesized that variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could have contributed to historical climate changes, suggesting that higher concentrations would result in a warmer planet. 

Foote’s work predated the more widely recognized experiments of John Tyndall by three years, yet her contributions remained largely unrecognized during her lifetime. Had her research received the attention it deserved, discussions about climate change might have begun much earlier, potentially influencing policies and scientific advancements that could have helped mitigate global warming before it became a crisis.

Despite the significance of her research, Foote faced societal barriers typical of the 19th century. As a woman, she was not permitted to present her findings at the 1856 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Instead, Professor Joseph Henry of the Smithsonian Institution presented her paper, acknowledging the limitations placed on women in science at the time.

Foote’s work was subsequently overshadowed, and her name faded into obscurity. It wasn’t until recent decades that historians and scientists revisited her experiments, recognizing her as a pioneer in climate science. In 2019, on the 200th anniversary of her birth, NOAA celebrated her contributions, shedding light on her role in early climate studies.

Eunice Newton Foote’s story is a testament to the challenges women in science have historically faced and the importance of acknowledging their contributions. Her experiments laid the foundation for our understanding of the greenhouse effect and climate change. Today, as we grapple with global warming, Foote’s early insights serve as a reminder of the critical need for diverse voices in scientific discourse.

By bringing Eunice Foote’s legacy to the forefront, we not only honor her achievements but also inspire future generations of women scientists to pursue their passions, undeterred by the biases of their time.

References

[1] First Paper to link CO2 and global warming, by Eunice Foote (1856). The Public Domain Review. (n.d.). https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/first-paper-to-link-co2-and-global-warming-by-eunice-foote-1856/ 

[2] Huddleston, A. (2019, July 17). Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, Hidden Climate Science Pioneer. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer

[3] Kurland, Z., Hafner, K., & Feder, E. (2024, February 20). The woman who demonstrated the greenhouse effect. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-woman-who-demonstrated-the-greenhouse-effect

A Deadly Glow: The Case of the Radium Girls

Tanvir Bhamra
March 2025

Let’s set the scene:

it’s the early 1920s, the world is still at war, and industries are booming, including one that promised an ethereal glow with a brand new material–radium. Recently discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in 1898, it was quickly implemented into everyday items in society. The miracle element produced a glow that was seen as an opportunity to evolve the dials on clocks and watches, a paint mixture containing zinc sulphide and radium was made to make the hands and numbers visible in the dark. And who was responsible for applying this glow-in-the-dark magic? Young, working-class women, unaware that the very paint they handled would slowly poison them.^[2]

They were employed at factories like the United States Radium Corporation (USRC), sitting in rows, carefully painting tiny numbers on the dials. At the same time, they were encouraged to practice “lip-pointing,” a technique where the tip of the paintbrush was pressed against their lips to keep the strokes fine and precise. The process would often involve the women ingesting a little of the radium-infused paint, and when concerns were brought to their supervisors about the side effects, they were met with claims of it being harmless and even beneficial to health.^[2] This is something the vast majority thought as well. A small amount of radium was believed to be a miracle medicine, having been used in commercial products like facial creams and water.^[1]

Radium, like all radioactive elements, emits ionizing radiation–an invisible force that can wreak havoc on the human body at a cellular level. When the Radium Girls ingested tiny amounts of radium daily through the instructed technique, the substance didn’t just pass through their bodies–it became part of them.^[2] Radium behaves similarly to calcium, with the body mistaking the two and absorbing it into the bones, slowly destroying tissue from the inside out. The results were horrifying: necrosis of the jaw (deterioration of jaw bones), anemia, and cancers.^[1] Even Marie Curie, the scientist who discovered radium, fell victim to its deadly effects, dying from aplastic anemia (lack of new blood cells being produced), a condition caused by prolonged exposure to radiation. At the time, little was understood about the dangers of radiation, but the tragic deaths of the Radium Girls helped expose its devastating impact. 

One by one, the girls started showing symptoms and falling sick. First, it was the teeth–painfully crumbling and falling out. This was followed by aching bones, mysterious tumors, and deteriorating bodies. The USRC had known prior, maybe not to the full extent, but they at least knew radium was dangerous and had even warned their male scientists to wear protective gear while the women were left in the dark, with the only remaining light source coming from their own bodies.^[3] 

In 1922, Amelia (Mollie) Maggia, one of the first known victims of radium poisoning, suffered a horrific and mysterious illness that began with a toothache and quickly escalated into agonizing ulcers, bone decay, and excruciating pain. Her jaw had even fallen into her dentist’s hands with no tools needed. By September, the relentless disease had spread to her throat, causing her to die at the mere young age of 24. Her death was falsely labeled as syphilis, a misdiagnosis the company later used to discredit the growing concerns about radium’s dangers. Meanwhile, more of her colleagues including Grace Fryer were beginning to suffer similar symptoms, but their employer, the USRC, refused to take responsibility, even going as far as to fund studies that denied any link between their work and deteriorating health.^[3]

Despite being dismissed and ignored, the women fought back, determined to hold the company accountable. Grace Fryer led the legal battle, securing a lawyer after years of rejections, but the statute of limitations and lack of legal recognition for radium poisoning made the case an uphill climb.^[3] Eventually, in 1927, the women settled out of court, but their story gained national attention, inspiring another group of dial painters in Illinois, led by Catherine Wolfe Donohue, to continue the fight. Even as she wasted away from a massive tumor, Donohue testified from her deathbed in 1938 ultimately winning justice and helping to establish workplace safety laws that still protect workers today.^[1] The Radium Girls’ suffering was immeasurable, but their bravery changed labor rights forever; Their legacy serves as a powerful reminder that perseverance and courage can ignite lasting change, ensuring safer workplaces for future generations.  

References

[1] Balkansky, A. (2019, March 19). Radium Girls: Living Dead Women. Library of Congress Blogs. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2019/03/radium-girls-living-dead-women/

[2] Bryan-Quamina, G. (2023, April 11). The Radium Girls. Science Museum Group. https://blog.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/the-radium-girls/

[3] Moore, K. (2017, May 5). The Forgotten Story Of The Radium Girls, Whose Deaths Saved Thousands Of Workers’ Lives. https://www.afacwa.org/the_forgotten_story_of_the_radium_girls_whose_deaths_saved_thousands_of_workers_lives

Closing the Wealth Gap: How Women Are Reshaping the Investment World 

Shriya Parvatikar 
March 2025

For decades, investing has been seen as something men do — whether it is leading a big financial firm, managing investment portfolios, or even trading stocks. Women have been constantly underrepresented in the stock market and wealth-building opportunities. However, in recent years, there has been a massive shift as more women take charge of their financial futures and challenge the traditional hurdle in the investment world. These developments not only serve as significant steps in mitigating the gender gap but also prove that financial independence is not only a goal — it’s a necessity. 

The Persistent Gender Investing Gap 

The gender investing gap still hugely persists. According to a 2018 study held in the UK, the total value of the investments that women (aged 21-53) saved was half the amount that their male counterparts had saved ^[1]. This is a huge gap in investments considering the fact that on average, women live longer than men, yet they usually retire with less wealth which puts them at a higher risk of financial insecurity in the later parts of their age. A 2021 Women and Investing report from Fidelity Investments states that even though women’s investment portfolios often outperform men’s, only 33% of women see themselves as investors ^[2]. Why is that? Some of the possible rationale are: lower financial confidence, the gender pay gap, and a lack of representation in financial education. 

Moreover, women have significantly less shares than their male counterparts. According to a 2022 report, male executives own 99 times more shares in S&P 500 companies than their female counterparts ^[3]. This is alarming since women make up a quarter of C-Suite leadership in the firms. In addition to that, women tend to have investment account balances that are 44% lower than men’s, as reported by The Motley Fool ^[4]. This is not just a mere matter of investing, it is about long-term wealth, financial security, and making sure women have the same opportunities to build a sustainable and independent financial life. 

Flipping the Script of the Investment World 

Good News! This gap is slowly and gradually closing as more financial tools and platforms are developing to help women all over the world to be able to invest confidently. 

These platforms include the following:

– Companies such as Ellevest are specifically designed to help women build on their wealth by offering financial planning services and wealth management. 

– More firms such as BBG Ventures and BRAVA are supporting female entrepreneurs and allocating money to businesses that support women’s empowerment.  

– The increase in financial literacy programs such as Female Invest is helping educate women about money, making investing more widespread and accessible. 

In addition to these developments, the number of women investing in the stock market has significantly improved. The Motley Fool further states that 71% of women are now investing in the stock market, a notable rise driven by the younger generations ^[4]. Additionally, as more women have started investing, studies have started to prove that women investors often achieve better returns than men. For instance, a 2024 analysis report by The Fintech Times emphasized that Australian women outperformed men by 4%. Women are also more likely to focus on being sustainable and socially responsible while investing, and promoting ethical business practices ^[5]. 

This notable progress can be further accelerated through these initiatives: 

• Promoting financial education in rural places in which women are obliged to stick to the social/traditional norms. This can amplify the number of women investing and guarantee a better future for themselves. 

• Closing the prevalent wage cap can address income disparity and eliminate blockages that are stopping women from investing. This way, they can gain more capital to support their investment. 

• Encouraging more women into leadership roles in finance can inspire others to participate and support. 

As more women take charge of their financial lives, they not only secure a stable future for themselves but also challenge the traditional stereotypes that decide what women can and cannot do. The rise of investors is more than just a trend, it is a huge step that is reshaping the financial world for the better.

Sources 

[1] The gender investing gap: Investments. NatWest. (n.d.). 

https://www.natwest.com/investments/our-insights/gender-investing-gap.html

[2] 2021 women and investing study. Fidelity Investments. (2021). 

https://www.fidelity.com/bin-public/060_www_fidelity_com/documents/about-fidelity/FidelityIn vestmentsWomen&InvestingStudy2021.pdf 

[3] Zilber, A. (2022, June 6). Male executives own 99 times more S&P shares than women: Report. New York Post. 

https://nypost.com/2022/06/06/male-executives-own-99-times-more-sp-shares-than-women-repo rt/ 

[4] Daly, L. (2025, March 13). Women and investing statistics for 2025. The Motley Fool. https://www.fool.com/research/women-in-investing-statistics/ 

[5] Bleach, T. (2025, February 24). Revolut: Women investors outperform men by 4% in 2024 as Investment Gap Closes. The Fintech Times. 

https://thefintechtimes.com/revolut-women-investors-outperform-men-by-4-in-2024-as-investme nt-gap-closes/#:~:text=Women’s%20investments%20outperformed%20men’s%20by,returns%20 than%20men%20in%202024.

The Legacy of Lucy: Tracing Human Origins

Harshitha Chaganti 
February 2025

It all began with a woman–Lucy, the ancient ancestor whose discovery reshaped our entire understanding of evolution. While she might’ve not been the first hominin to walk the Earth, her remarkably well preserved remains provided the first ground breaking evidence of early bipedalism, confirming that our ancestors walked upright long before they developed large brains. Unearthed in 1974 in Ethiopia’s Afar region, she was named after “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” by The Beatles, which played in the background as scientists celebrated their find. Lucy’s skeleton became a key piece in the puzzle of human evolution, cementing Africa’s role as the cradle of humankind and sparking a wave of research that continues to this day. 

Lucy’s skeleton, which was about 40% complete, revealed critical information about early hominins. Her anatomical structure confirmed that Australopithecus afarensis was fully bipedal, meaning that walking on two legs evolved before larger brain development occurred. This challenged earlier theories that intelligence was the first major evolutionary shift. Instead, Lucy demonstrated that bipedalism allowed early hominins to free their hands for tool use, food gathering, and social interactions. 

Her discovery also arrived at a crucial turning point in paleoanthropology. “Lucy’s discovery came at a very important moment in paleoanthropology, when there was beginning to be greater public awareness that Africa is the cradle of humankind,” said Dr. Ebeth Sawchuk, Associate Curator of Human Evolution, in A Groundbreaking Discovery Turns 50: Celebrating the Story of Lucy. Before Lucy, many still clung to outdated ideas that human evolution had stronger roots in other parts of the world. However, as highlighted by the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University, Lucy provided irrefutable fossil evidence that early human ancestors originated in Africa, reinforcing the continent’s role in our evolutionary story.

Lucy’s discovery not only revolutionized our understanding of human evolution but also played a pivotal role in advancing research on women’s biology. Her remarkably preserved skeleton provided crucial insights into the anatomical structure of early hominins, including key differences in pelvic shape and locomotion that shed light on childbirth and reproductive adaptations in human ancestors. By studying Lucy and other female hominin fossils, scientists have gained a deeper understanding of how biological and evolutionary pressures shaped the development of female physiology, influencing everything from bipedalism to maternal health in modern humans.

Lucy’s influence reaches far beyond the realm of science—her discovery has shaped anthropology, philosophy, and even our understanding of what it means to be human. She stands as a reminder to us that all humans are linked by a lineage that stretches back millions of years. From the African plains where she once walked to the intricate societies we inhabit today. 

Today, cutting-edge technologies like DNA analysis, artificial intelligence, and 3D fossil reconstruction are shedding new light on our origins. As ongoing discoveries continue to refine our understanding of human evolution, they also highlight the crucial role of women in shaping our species’ history—from the reproductive adaptations of early hominins to the impact of maternal health on survival. While research continues to evolve, one thing remains certain—Lucy’s story was only the beginning.

References

[1] Alger, A. (2024, November 24). An Iconic Discovery: Celebrating the Story of Lucy. Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.cmnh.org/learn/science-blog/2024/11/24/a-groundbreaking-discovery-turns-50-celebrating-the-story-of-lucy

[2] Hendry, L., & Wilson, M. (n.d.). Australopithecus afarensis, Lucy’s species. Natural History Museum. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html

[3] Lucy’s Story | Institute of Human Origins. (n.d.). Institute of Human Origins. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story

U.S. Withdrawal from The World Health Organization: Everything You Need to Know 

Sanya Talwar
February 2025

On January 20th, President Trump signed an executive order that officially declared the beginning of the United States withdrawal from the World Health Organization (WHO). This decision has marked a significant shift in global health governance. 

Background on WHO 

WHO, established in 1948, is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for improving international public health. It plays a crucial role in coordinating responses to global health crises, setting health standards, and providing medical assistance to areas in need.¹ The United States has been a key member and financial contributor to WHO since its inception post-WW2, underscoring its commitment to global health initiatives. ² 

U.S. decision to withdraw from WHO and its implications 

The U.S. government, under President Trump’s administration, announced its intention to withdraw from WHO on July 6th, 2020, citing concerns over the organization’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.³ Key points of contention included perceived delays in declaring a public health emergency, alleged lack of transparency from China, and concerns over WHO’s independence from political influence. The decision was framed as part of a broader reassessment of U.S. engagement with international organizations. ⁴ 

The withdrawal of the United States from WHO has far-reaching implications for global health governance. As the largest financial contributor, the U.S. provided approximately 15% of WHO’s $4.8 billion 2020-2021 budget, including $893 million in voluntary funds for specific programs.⁵ Immediate termination of these payments risked disrupting polio eradication campaigns, HIV/AIDS programs, and emergency response capacities in low-income nations. ⁶ 

Moreover, the U.S. withdrawal may undermine the collective response to global health challenges. WHO relies on international cooperation to address issues such as pandemics, vaccine distribution, and health equity. The absence of the United States could weaken the organization’s authority and effectiveness, potentially leading to fragmented and less coordinated global health efforts.

Potential consequences 

1. Impact on COVID-19 Response: WHO’s ability to coordinate the global response to Covid-19 may be compromised. The U.S. withdrawal could lead to reduced funding for vaccine distribution, research, and support to healthcare systems in vulnerable regions of the world. For example, the WHO-led COVAX initiative, aimed at equitable COVID-19 vaccine distribution, faced uncertainty without U.S. participation, potentially exacerbating disparities between high and low-income countries. ⁷ 

2. Global health security: The base of the United States may create a vacuum in global health leadership, potentially allowing other nations to exert greater influence over WHO’s agenda. This shift could impact the organization’s priorities and decision-making process. 

3. Health Equity: WHO’s efforts to address health disparities and promote universal health disparities and promote universal health coverage may be hindered. The U.S. withdrawal could result in reduced funding for programs aimed at improving health outcomes in low and middle-income communities. 

4. International Relations: The decision to withdraw from WHO may strain U.S. relations with other nations and international organizations. It could be perceived as a retreat from multilateralism, potentially weakening the United States’ position in global health diplomacy. 

The U.S. withdrawal from WHO represents a significant but detrimental development in global health governance. While the decision reflects concern over the organization’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, it also realizes important questions about the future of international cooperation in addressing global health challenges. The implications of this withdrawal are profound, affecting not only WHO’s operational capacity but also the broader landscape of global health security and equity. 

References 

[1]: World Health Organization. (n.d.). *History of WHO*. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/about/history 

[2]: U.S. Department of State. (2020). *U.S. Contributions to the World Health Organization*. Fact Sheet. 

[3]: The White House. (2020). *Letter to the United Nations Secretary-General*. July 6, 2020. [4]: Gostin, L. O., & Katz, R. (2020). *The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security*. Milbank Quarterly, 94(2). 

[5]: World Health Organization. (2020). *Programme Budget 2020–2021*. [6]: Kaiser Family Foundation. (2020). *The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization*.

[7]: Bollyky, T. J., & Bown, C. P. (2020). *The Tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism*. Foreign Affairs.

The Renaissance Man of the Modern Era

Tanvir Bhamra
October 2024

The term “Renaissance man” according to The Book of the Courtier is described as a well-rounded individual, who excels in both intellectual and artistic talents. In contrast, a “renaissance woman” was expected to be modest and beautiful, with little encouragement to seek personal acclaim.^[4] Enter Bridget Mendler, a multi-talented actress, singer, and entrepreneur, who defies these historical gender norms and perfectly fits this definition of a “Renaissance man.” 

She rose to fame through her most well-known role as Teddy Duncan in Good Luck Charlie (2010-2014), a popular Disney Channel series that cemented her as a beloved figure in entertainment. Simultaneously, she pursued a music career, releasing her debut album Hello My Name Is… in 2012, containing her hit single Ready or Not. The Renaissance in comparison, was well known for its rich art with big artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, placed on a pedestal for their realistic portrayal of human anatomy. Although Mendler’s music and acting career may not parallel the artistic talents of Renaissance masters, her work is widely loved and cherished by her fans. She further showcased her “renaissance” capabilities to transcend her artistic career and soon expanded her focus beyond creative endeavors. 

From a young age, Mendler had been exposed to the technical side of the workforce but chose to follow her childhood dreams of acting. However, this familiarity didn’t come back until witnessing the behind-the-scenes work of Joi Ito, the former director of MIT Media Lab. This sparked her interest in the more human side of social media, particularly in how it fosters communications and shifts conversational contexts.^[3] In 2018, she officially shifted her focus to academics, enrolling as a PhD student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while earning her Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School.

In addition to her professional accomplishments, Mendler also carved out time for her personal life. In 2019, she married Griffin Cleverly, an engineer.^[7] The couple originally fostered a child in 2021 and later decided to adopt them the following year.^[5] In balancing career and family life, Mendler redefines the notion of “having it all,” showcasing that professional and personal fulfillment can coexist harmoniously. She exemplifies the modern “girlboss” as some may say, proving women can thrive across all aspects of life without sacrificing one for the other, challenging historical expectations. 

Mendler’s entrepreneurial spirit extends even further. She is the CEO and co-founder of Northwood Space, a company aiming to revolutionize satellite technology—a field that has seen little innovation since the 1960s.^[1] Through this ambitious project, Mendler underscores her commitment to breaking barriers and advancing technology. She is making her mark by seeking to improve satellite reliability, speed, and efficiency and highlighting her broad and futuristic vision.^[2] 

Far from the limited expectations placed on women during the Renaissance, Mendler’s journey exemplifies the transformative power of versatility, intelligence, and ambition in shaping a legacy that breaks historical constraints. Today, all women are more than capable of challenging restrictions against them and redefining success, embodying the modern “Renaissance person.”

References

[1] About Us. (n.d.). Northwood Space. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from https://www.northwoodspace.io/about-us

[2] Bloomberg Technology. (2024, Oct 11). Revolutionizing Outdated Space Tech [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3IRAsJ4FhFA?si=JZ02b7Axl1qmaoRj 

[3] Bridgit Mendler Music. (2018, Sep 6). Bridgit Mendler speaks about Humanity + Tech @ Atlantic Live (09.05.2018) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/bhPmzS9Ua9o?si=6_icMoHbQmfZicDi 

[4] Dukes, H. (2021, May 5). On *Sprezzatura*: Baldassare Castiglione’s *The Book of the Courtier* (1903 edition). The Public Domain Review. Retrieved November 9, 2024, from https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/baldassare-castiglione-the-book-of-the-courtier/

[5] Morman, H. (2024, March 6). Hot Take: Bridgit Mendler deserves more recognition. The Reflector. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://reflector-online.com/28264/opinion/hot-take-bridgit-mendler-deserves-more-recognition/

[6] Overview ‹ Bridgit Mendler — MIT Media Lab. (n.d.). MIT Media Lab. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://www.media.mit.edu/people/bridgitm/overview/

[7] Weiss, D. C. (2024, May 30). Disney Channel actress is now a Harvard Law grad—and that’s not all. ABA Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/disney-channel-actress-is-now-a-harvard-law-grad

Silent Struggles: Women’s Mental Health in the 1950’s 

Harshitha Chaganti 
October 2024

Today mental health awareness has been deeply engraved into society; however,  for those alive during the 1950’s, like Marilyn Monroe and Rosemary Kennedey, the topic of mental health was seen as a taboo. Those who expressed struggles with their mental health were quickly labeled as “lunatics’ and often faced harsh prejudices. The experiences of the women that came forward made it even more unlikely that other women would follow. Women faced heightened mental health issues due to the expectation of perfection, with emotional struggles often dismissed as “hysteria” or weakness, leading to isolation and inadequate care. The lives of many celebrities and public figures is a powerful example of how this stigma affected women in the spotlight. 

Those who expressed themselves  were subjected to severe discrimination. Many were labeled as “unstable” or “hysterical,” leading to social isolation or damaged reputation, particularly for women. In Hollywood, this could mean being dropped from film roles, losing contracts, or being forced into secrecy to maintain a perfect public image. 

Although Norma Jean Monroe was consistently seen in the spotlight by her stage name Marilyn, she was open about her struggles with depression and anxiety, at a time when admitting to such issues would ruin her career. Her decision to seek help likely stemmed from her childhood experiences, having grown up with a mother who was frequently in and out of asylums. Despite her efforts to seek out therapy, the limited understanding and support available at the time often left her feeling misunderstood and isolated.        

Tragically, on August 5, 1962, she found dead from an apparent overdose, her death was ruled a  probable suicide, though conspiracy theories have persisted over the years. Monroe had long struggled with her mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, compounded with her tumultuous personal life and highlighted the immense pressures she faced and the lack of effective mental health care during her time. Her death shocked the world and became a symbol of the darker side of fame and the toll it can take on mental health.

Back then, treatments for mental health issues were often harsh and limited. Common methods of treatments include things such as: electroconvulsive therapy(ECT), which involves sending electric currents through the brain, and lobotomies, a surgical procedure that aimed to reduce symptoms but often left patients with severe side effects. Psychoanalysis was also popular, with therapists exploring unconscious thoughts, but it wasn’t always effective. Many people were sent to mental institutions, where conditions could be poor and treatment was not always helpful.

A tragic and well-known cause of one of treatment involved Rose Marie “ Rosemary” Kennedy, the sister of former President John F. Kennedy. She underwent a lobotomy in 1941, a procedure that was intended to manage her mood swings and behavioral issues. However, the surgery left her with severe cognitive and physical impairments, requiring her to live in a care facility for the rest of her life. Her story highlights the dangers and lasting consequences of the harsh mental health treatments used during that era. 

The experiences of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Rosemary Kennedy and others in the 1950s revealed the harsh realities and stigma surrounding mental health during the time. Limited understanding and extreme treatments often left individuals struggling in silence, facing damaging consequences.These stories highlight the importance of recognizing and addressing mental health issues with compassion and proper care, a shift that began to take root in the decades that followed.   

References

[1] Blackford, M. (2024, April 20). Marilyn Monroe’s Drug Use And Mental Health Issues. FHE Health. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from  https://fherehab.com/learning/marilyn-monroe-drug-use 

[2] Danise, A. (2022, October 24). What The Life Of Marilyn Monroe Teaches Us About Mental Health And Success Against All Odds. Forbes. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshwilson/2022/10/24/what-the-life-of-marilyn-monroe-teaches-us-about-mental-health-and-success-against-all-odds 

[3] Moore, S. (n.d.). Analyzing the Stigma Surrounding Mental Health. News-Medical. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Analyzing-the-Stigma-Surrounding-Mental-Health.aspx 

[4] Rosemary Kennedy, The Eldest Kennedy Daughter (U.S. (2024, January 24). National Park Service. Retrieved October 12, 2024, from https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/rosemary-kennedy-the-eldest-kennedy-daughter.htm 

A Tough Pill to Swallow: Women’s Overmedication and Gender Discrimination in Clinics

Aarya Sawant
October 2024

Historically, women have been barred from being physicians due to a number of obstacles set in place. This has resulted in a male-centric view of medicine which has often cost women their lives due to ignorance in biological sex differences. Despite advances in gender equality, this gender bias persists in hospitals to this day.

Prescription drugs are a vital part of the healthcare system, and one that is only going to grow bigger with time as technology advances. Approximately 131 million people in the United states use prescription drugs–75% of whom are women.^[1] Children born in 2019 are predicted to spend half of their life taking medication, with women likely spending an estimated 60% (around 50 years) doing so.^[2] In fact, women are more likely to take drugs overall, due to obvious factors such as birth control and contraceptives.^[2]

With this in mind, it’s shocking to discover that women are excluded from clinical trials, usually due to the reasoning that hormone cycles will provide misleading results.^[3] Additionally, women of child-bearing age have been restricted from being tested due to fear of potential birth complications. Instead, men are considered the standard patient, making sweeping generalizations that cause real harm. This begins in the initial process as well, as male cells are used in early testing stages.^[3]

As a result, women make up the majority of reported adverse reactions to drugs. Side-effects can most commonly manifest as headaches, nausea, nosebleeds. In more serious cases, patients have been known to suffer from hallucinations, seizures, and cardiac irregularities. Men and women have different levels of metabolism, and women’s kidneys and livers have been observed to process drugs at different rates, as well as drugs lingering longer in the tissue.^[2] This issue affects as many as 86 drugs according to a 2020 study by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This includes widely used drugs such as aspirin, morphin, heparin, sertraline, and bupropion.^[4]

This doesn’t end with lab testing either, as it extends further to sexism in clinics. While reports from men of adverse side effects from prescription medication are often confirmed and reported by doctors, women’s are largely self-reported, showing a lack of seriousness when taking these cases into account.^[5]

It’s apparent that we need to change the way we test prescription drugs, as well as managing drug reports by women with a greater degree of seriousness than at present. Only by challenging and changing the long-standing biases within the medical community can we hope to improve health outcomes for women and create a more equitable healthcare system for all. As we look to the future, it is crucial to advocate for policies and practices that prioritize gender inclusivity, ultimately leading to safer and more effective medical care for everyone.

References

[1] Georgetown University. (2019). Prescription Drugs – Health Policy Institute. Health Policy Institute. https://hpi.georgetown.edu/rxdrugs/

[2] Americans will spend half their lives taking prescription drugs, study finds | Penn State University. (2019). Psu.edu. https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/americans-will-spend-half-their-lives-taking-prescription-drugs-study-finds

[3] Lerner, L. (2020, June 22). Women are overmedicated because drug dosage trials are done on men, study finds. University of Chicago News. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/women-are-overmedicated-because-drug-dosage-trials-are-done-men-study-find

[4] Zucker, I., & Prendergast, B. J. (2020). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(1). https://bsd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5[5] Lee, K. M. N., Rushovich, T., Gompers, A., Boulicault, M., Worthington, S., Lockhart, J. W., & Richardson, S. S. (2023). A Gender Hypothesis of sex disparities in adverse drug events. Social Science & Medicine, 339, 116385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116385

The Journey of Women’s Fashion

Tanvir Bhamra
September 2024

As women, fashion has historically been a way for us to express ourselves. This creativity over the years has not only resulted in novice artistic styles, but also led society to controversy over fast-fashion and sizing-inconsistencies. Over time, fashion has evolved from the hand-done craftsmanship of the 18th century to the rapid production cycles of today. While this evolution has made fashion more accessible and diverse, it has also brought new challenges and debates. The ongoing discussion about these issues reflects the impact of fashion on both personal identity and broader societal trends. 

Once the 18th century began, fast fashion became a regular occurrence due to the First Industrial Revolution. Before this, workers made clothes by hand, making it a labor-intensive process. Thus buying new clothes was only exclusive to the upper class. Those who belonged to the middle or lower class heavily depended upon second-hand clothing or ended up making their own. 

When the rise of factories and workshops grew, it became increasingly easier for companies to cut production costs to cater to middle and lower-income consumers. To carry this idea out, companies directed away from heavy gowns, skirts, and blouses, to simple, ready-made designs, which were cheaper to produce.

From the elegance of the early 1900s, upper-class women were expected to dress very modestly, specifically covering the neck to the floor while wearing corsets and dramatic ornaments/sleeves. Still, the 1900s had its fair share of silhouette trends where women who seemed “top-heavy” actually wore looser tops which they stuffed with extra fabric, achieving said shape. 

Today, fashion continues to evolve rapidly, influenced by online trends and social media. While trends still change swiftly, there is a growing emphasis on sustainability, inclusivity, and body positivity. The rise of eco-friendly brands and movements advocating for diverse sizing and gender-neutral clothing reflects a shift towards more representative practices in the fashion industry. 

However, specific body image issues still persist. Despite progress, many consumers still face challenges with finding flattering and well-fitting clothes due to size inconsistency and limited options for diverse body shapes. I myself have trouble finding clothes that fit my size range and overall style. Many of my jeans don’t fit my waist, and yet the fabric and length are perfect, then there are others where the pockets are small or nonexistent. There is also ongoing criticism faced by major retailers like H&M and Zara participating in fast fashion. The main concern with this is waste, as most of the products end up in dumps and rivers. The fabric being thrown away takes ages to decompose, releasing harmful microplastics and chemicals into our natural ecosystem. Thankfully other businesses do take the extra steps to minimize their environmental impact and shoppers themselves stay away from fast fashion products. 

Fashion has always been a way for people to express themselves, from the hand-crafted garments of the 18th century to today’s fast fashion. While there has been progress in making it more inclusive and sustainable, issues like sizing inconsistencies still remain. The ongoing conversation about these topics highlights the need for a fashion industry that values diversity and prompts positive change. By addressing these challenges, fashion can remain a meaningful and empowering form of self-expression for everyone. 

References

[1] Maiti, R., & Leong, C. (2024, January 5). Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact in 2024. Earth.Org. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://earth.org/fast-fashions-detrimental-effect-on-the-environment/

[2] Reddy, K. (2020, August 18). 1900-1909 | Fashion History Timeline. Fashion History Timeline. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1900-1909/
[3] Rominger, A. (2023, July 20). The History & Rise of Fast Fashion: From the 18th Century to Today. Cory Ames. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://coryames.com/history-of-fast-fashion/