Category: Made For Life

The Argument for Intermittent Fasting for Women

Stephanie Szylar
October 2024

Health is an important topic on many women’s minds. One aspect of health is weight management. Obesity, according to the CDC in 2023, shows that a little over a third of adults in 23 states are considered obese, and obesity is now considered an epidemic. ^[1] One of the problems with obesity and increased fatty tissue is that it keeps the body in a state of chronic inflammation. This can lead to heart disease and cancer, which are the leading causes of death for women with diabetes. ^[5]There are many diets and food habits out there, with one example being intermittent fasting or IF. Is intermittent fasting a simple and effective way to stay healthy? 

A quick science lesson 

During digestion, the food we eat is broken down into simple molecules. Glucose is one of the molecules and is used for energy.^[5] When glucose levels are high, the body secretes insulin to help get the glucose into the cell so it can be used right away.^[5] Unused glucose is stored in several places in the body: including in the liver and muscles.^[5] Several hormones are also secreted during digestion which help regulate when we are full and when we are still hungry (leptin decreases appetite, and ghrelin increases appetite)^[5]. Carbohydrates and proteins turn into fat cells for storage.^[5]It takes about 6-8 hours to fully digest a meal and about 2-3 hours for a healthy body to direct where to use or store glucose. ^[5] 

What is intermittent fasting? 

In a nutshell, intermittent fasting can be described as scheduled periods of fasting mixed with periods of regular eating. A simple example is the hours in which we sleep. This is a fasting period. Other methods include 16/8 method (fasting 16 hours and eating healthy nutrition dense foods within an 8-hour period, or window) 12/12 method (eating healthy nutrition dense foods in a 12-hour period or window and fasting the other 12 hours), and 5:2 diet (regular eating of healthy nutrition dense foods 5 days a week and restricting calories for 2 days a week). ^[5] 

Benefit of Intermittent Fasting? 

Intermittent fasting can improve insulin sensitivity especially in those with diabetes. This can improve HbA1c, which is average glucose readings over the previous 3-month period. Weight loss due to the decreased caloric intake and reduced inflammation which can regulate blood sugar and decrease oxidative stress which is harmful to cells leading to cancer ^[5] One study suggests IF effects reproductive hormones like androgen markers (testosterone and the free androgen index) which can be used to treat hyperandrogenism in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by improving menstruation and fertility ^[2] 

What are the downsides and who shouldn’t practice intermittent fasting? 

When long fasting begins there can be side effects such as headaches, tiredness, constipation, irritability. Also, if intermittent fasting is practiced incorrectly, dehydration and malnutrition can happen.^[3] There are also groups of people who should avoid intermittent fasting. These include those who have diabetes type 1, pregnant/breastfeeding, low bone density, eating disorders, weakened immune systems (HIV/AIDS, undergoing chemotherapy). ^[5] So it is important to work with a licensed healthcare provider and/or nutritionist to find out if fasting is a good option. 

Is your interest peaked? Last thoughts 

Intermittent fasting along with regular physical activity can optimize health and overall well-being now and for the future for certain groups of people. Always be sure to check with your doctor about specific health histories and any monitoring that has to be done before starting an intermittent fasting program and during the process to monitor the outcomes. 

References 

[1] CDC (2024). New CDC data show adult obesity prevalence remains high. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/p0912-adult-obesity.html#:~:text=New%20CDC%20p opulation%20data%20from%202023%20show%20that,in%20each%20U.S.%20state%20is%20l iving%20with%20obesity. 

[2] Cienfuegos, S., Corapi, S. Gabel, K., Ezpelta, M., Kalam, F., Lin, S., Pavlou, V., Varady, K. (2022) Effect of intermittent fasting on reproductive hormone levels in females and males: A review of human trials. Nutrients, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112343 

[3] Kubala, J. (2024). 9 Potential intermittent fasting side effects. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/intermittent-fasting-side-effects#hunger 

[4] Mayo Clinic (2024) Chronic inflammation: What it is, why it’s bad, and how you can reduce it. Retrieved from 

https://mcpress.mayoclinic.org/dairy-health/chronic-inflammation-what-it-is-why-its-bad-and-ho w-you-can-reduce-it/#:~:text=Chronic%20inflammation%20contributes%20to%20diseases%20t hat%20together%20represent,that%20help%20maintain%20good%20digestive%20and%20over all%20health. 

[5] Nye, K. Cherrin, C. & Meires, J. (2024). Intermittent Fasting: Exploring approaches, benefits, and implications for health and weight management. Journal for Nurse Practitioners (20)3. https://www.npjournal.org/article/S1555-4155(23)00395-1/fulltext

Suicide Prevention: Identifying Risks and Finding Help

Harshitha Chaganti 
September 2024

Trigger warning: This article mentions topics regarding self-harm and mental health 

In honor of September being suicide awareness month….

With the growing presence of social media, bullying (whether online or off), and other stressors, surround the lives of the youth.  Due to this, they are unfortunately placed at a higher risk of either suicidal thoughts or attempting suicide. Social media can create unrealistic comparisons, amplify feelings of inadequacy, and expose individuals to cyberbullying, while traditional bullying can reinforce the feeling of isolation among peers adding to the burden. Combined with academic pressures, family issues, and peer-related stress, these factors can create a perfect storm of psychological strain, making it increasingly difficult for young people to find relief or support. 

The term suicide has become alarmingly common in modern society, especially among teens and children, who often use it casually without fully grasping the gravity behind it. In many cases, it is spoken about lightly in conversation or as part of dark humor, which diminishes the true weight of the subject.

What many aren’t aware of is that there are multiple types of suicide, each with its own psychological and sociological causes. As reported by, French sociologist Émile Durkheim, who was one of the first to systematically study suicide, these types can be categorized into four distinct forms: egoistic suicide, altruistic suicide, anomic suicide, and fatalistic suicide.

Egoistic Suicide occurs when individuals feels profoundly disconnected from their social environment, experiencing deep isolation and lack of purpose. Altruistic Suicide happens when individuals, deeply integrated into a group or society, sacrifice their own lives for what they believe is a greater good or cultural obligation. Anomic Suicide is associated with significant societal or economic disruptions that lead to feeling of normlessness and instability, making individuals feel disoriented and overwhelmed. Fatalistic Suicide arises from extreme regulation and control over one’s life, leading to a sense of entrapment and hopelessness, often in highly restrictive or oppressive condition^[2] 

Those who are considering self-harm often exhibit several warning signs, which can vary in intensity. Common indicators are: 

• Behavioral Changes: Sudden withdrawal from social groups, changes in eating and/or sleeping patterns, as well as a noticeable decline in work performance are telling signs of suicidal thinking.
• Emotional Distress: People who are suicidal tend to have expressions of deep sadness, worthlessness, hopelessness and incressed irritability/ mood swings.
• Physical Signs: Unexplained cuts, bruises, or burns, often hidden under clothing, or frequent wearing of long sleeves and pants, even in warm weather.
• Preoccupation with Death: An unusual focus on themes of death or dying, including talking  about or engaging with violent or morbid content.

Noticing these signs is important for getting help quickly. If you or someone you know shows these signs, it’s crucial to seek help from a mental health professional. Early support can make a big difference in managing these issues and preventing harm. 

If you or someone you know is struggling with self-harm or suicidal thoughts, it’s important to get help right away. Start by talking to a trusted friend or family member, and seek support from a mental health professional like a therapist or counselor. For immediate help, call a crisis hotline such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK, or use other local hotlines. You can also visit a healthcare provider for advice and referrals. Online resources and counseling services are also available for immediate support. Taking these steps can connect you with the help and support needed. 

In conclusion, it’s crucial to recognize the signs of self-harm and suicidal thoughts and seek help quickly. Talking to trusted people, contacting mental health professionals, and using crisis resources can provide the support needed to address these challenges and find hope. Remember, reaching out for help is a positive step towards recovery.      

References

[1] Facts About Suicide | Suicide Prevention. (2024, April 25). CDC. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/index.html

[2] Singh, A. (2020, March 30). Four Types of Suicides – MDIS Blog. Management Development Institute of Singapore (MDIS). Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.mdis.edu.sg/blog/four-types-of-suicides/

[3] Warning Signs of Suicide – Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (n.d.). Suicide Prevention Resource Center. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://sprc.org/warning-signs-for-suicide/

The Green Drink Scam: Is AG1 Worth the Buy? 

Green drink ‘superfood’ powders have taken the US by storm with the supposed ability to act as a multivitamin, a multimineral, a prebiotic, an adaptogen (i.e. foods that help people respond to stress, anxiety, etc.), and the list goes on. AG1 is one of the most well-known of these ‘superfood’ powders, but it’s extremely costly with a monthly subscription costing 79 dollars.^[1][2] Are these ‘superfood’ powders truly beneficial or another fad? 

AG1 is a 3rd Party Tested Drug, meaning that the product is certified via an independent organization. AG1 is said to be tested by NSF International, an organization that does annual checks of sanitation and safety of food, water, and consumer products.^[6] Therefore, AG1’s product is not tested for effectiveness, only that it meets the company’s safety standards. Still, the fact that AG1 is certified by NSF makes it safer than non-tested options such as Bloom Greens. 

Despite being only 3rd Party tested, AG1 still is transparent with its ingredients if one is willing to research what is listed. The ingredients are publicly listed on their site. AG1 additionally posted some of its own peer-reviewed studies about newer ingredients. There is proof that AG1 has shown to change a human’s digestive and intestinal genome through probiotics in the product. The phytochemicals provided by AG1 have been proven to change the microbiome from studies done on mice as well as in vitro studies, in some cases decreasing the biodiversity of certain groups of the microbiome but increasing in others.^[5]To be sure of AG1’s effectiveness and safety, more research must be done preferably from multiple unbiased sources. 

The probiotics for AG1 primarily come from apple fibers, inulin and probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum along with other probiotics used and studied, (e.g. faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Waltera intestinalis and Arthrospira), have been shown to aid in anti-inflammation, and digestion in model studies but should be taken with a grain of salt.^{[1][4][10][11][12]}This shift in biodiversity through these probiotics has yet to show any favorability in humans, as the only studies available to the public, seem to only to be an in vitro study based on colonic activity in a human^[5]. 

Nutrition is a fairly new concept, which is why any vitamin, health food or health fad should be taken with a grain of salt. Still, it is undeniable that micronutrients are required for a healthy, functioning body. This is why milk is fortified with vitamin D and salt with iodine.^[7] AG1 has been shown to be more effective for certain minerals such as Magnesium, Calcium and Zinc than a supplement tablet, but when it comes to the bioavailability and bioaccessibility, certain micro vitamins such as Magnesium, Calcium and Zinc would increase anyways due to the increased surface area a powder brings compared to a tablet.^[8] Other nutrients incorporated such as folate, vitamin B12, vitamin E, etc are essential for a person to stay healthy but, most people don’t actually need them form a supplement as their diet is more than adequate.^[3] 

Taking too much of certain micronutrients could be dangerous. For example, high doses of calcium can lead to body aches, digestive issues and kidney problems. The vitamins and minerals in AG1 are over 100% of the recommended daily value for a 2000 calorie diet.^[3] A micronutrient is called a micronutrient for a reason. Rather than supplements or vitamins, it would be more optimal and healthier to try and get these micronutrients from one’s daily diet. 

So is AG1 a scam? Yes and no. There is proof that the drink can act as a multivitamin and possibly remedy nutritional deficiencies. Unfortunately, AG1 is too expensive for most people who would need the drink.^[8][9] Rather than a superdrink, it may be cheaper and safer to go with a multivitamin approved by USP, to get the boost of the certain nutrient you need without messing with your body’s delicate biogenome.

References: 

[1]Athletic Greens. (2024). High-quality ingredients optimized for impact│ AG1. AG1. https://drinkag1.com/en-eu/about-ag1/ingredients/ctr. 

[2]Cleveland Clinic. (2022, February 10). What are adaptogens & types. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/22361-adaptogens. 

[3]Columbia University. (2024, July 25). What supplements do you need? Probably none. Columbia University Irving Medical Center. https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/what-supplements-do-you-need-probably-non e. 

[4]Ferreira-Halder, C. V., Faria, A. V., & Andrade, S. S. (2017). Action and function of faecalibacterium prausnitzii in health and disease. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 31(6), 643–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.011. 

[5]Kirby, T. O., Sapp, P. A., Townsend, J. R., Govaert, M., Duysburgh, C., Marzorati, M., Marshall, T. M., & Esposito, R. (2024). AG1® induces a favorable impact on gut microbial structure and functionality in the simulator of human intestinal microbial ecosystem® model. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(1), 557–569. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46010036.

[6]NSF. (2017, December 19). What is NSF certification?. NSF. https://nsf.org/knowledge-library/what-is-nsf-certification. 

[7]The President and Fellows of Harvard College. (2024, May 9). Vitamins and Minerals. The Nutrition Source. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/vitamins/.

[8]Sapp, P. A., Townsend, J. R., Kirby, T. O., Govaert, M., Duysburgh, C., Marzorati, M., Marshall, T. M., & Esposito, R. (2023). AG1®, a novel synbiotic, demonstrates superior mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability compared to a tablet multivitamin and mineral supplement using an in vitro model of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Applied Biosciences, 2(4), 656–667. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2040041. 

[9] Shifler Bowers, K., Francis, E., & Kraschnewski, J. L. (2018). The dual burden of malnutrition in the United States and the role of non-profit organizations. Preventive medicine reports, 12, 294–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.002. 

[10]WebMD LLC. (2023a). Bifidobacterium bifidum: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. 

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1666/bifidobacterium-bifidum.

[11]WebMD LLC. (2023b). Lactobacillus acidophilus: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-790/lactobacillus-acidophilus. 

[12]Wylensek, D., Hitch, T. C. A., Riedel, T., Afrizal, A., Kumar, N., Wortmann, E., Liu, T., Devendran, S., Lesker, T. R., Hernández, S. B., Heine, V., Buhl, E. M., M D’Agostino, P., Cumbo, F., Fischöder, T., Wyschkon, M., Looft, T., Parreira, V. R., Abt, B., Doden, H. L., … Clavel, T. (2020). A collection of bacterial isolates from the pig intestine reveals functional and taxonomic diversity. Nature communications, 11(1), 6389. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19929-w.

Making Survivors Feel Comfortable with Natural Processes 

A traumatic experience such as sexual violence can drastically affect people’s lives. Even if a traumatic experience occurred during childhood, it can still significantly affect people when they become adults and throughout their lifetime.^[1] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in four women has experienced completed or attempted rape, and one in three women faced sexual harassment in a public place.^[2] Sexual violence is not just an issue that affects women, given that men and LGBTQIA+ individuals also face the threat of sexual violence.^[2] Nevertheless, natural biological processes of the female body, namely, menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding could bring unique challenges and opportunities for female survivors of sexual violence. 

Menstruation 

Sexual violence can affect the menstrual cycle. Survivors’ menstrual cycles can become irregular and they may miss their periods.^[3] Also, there can be increased premenstrual symptoms, along with more pain and heavier bleeding during menstruation.^{[3, 4]} Periods can be a difficult time, especially for survivors who may find the bleeding and cramps trigger thoughts of the sexual violence they faced.^[5] More specifically, some survivors who once used internal menstrual products, like tampons to manage monthly bleeding, find it challenging to continue using internal menstrual products since they can trigger flashbacks of the tremendously traumatic experience.^[5] Periods can be a more sensitive time for survivors, especially if they have low self-esteem, negative body image, and guilty feelings following the traumatic experience.^[5] There are a variety of strategies to make this monthly occurrence more comfortable and support survivors’ health and wellness during menstruation. For instance, survivors could consider using less invasive menstrual products like pads and period pants, while they are still healing from trauma.^[5] Survivors are recommended to be aware of, accept, and acknowledge their emotions honestly during monthly periods.^[5] Survivors are encouraged to practice more self-care and relaxation activities during menstruation, such as wearing comfortable clothes, watching a movie, listening to music, drinking a favorite tea, and eating chocolate if desired.^{[5, 6]} Moreover, survivors should try to track their menstrual cycle so they feel more prepared.^[6] Loved ones of survivors could try to support them during menstruation by bringing pads and comfort food, and just being there to talk.^[6] Similar care, relaxation, and support strategies could be considered for survivors experiencing postpartum bleeding.

Pregnancy and Childbirth 

Sexual violence is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy-related concerns such as pelvic pain, pre-term birth, and low birth weight.^[7] Nonetheless, pregnancy and childbirth can promote resilience, empowerment, and healing among survivors if they have a positive and supportive birthing experience.^[7] One of the first and most important steps to fostering positive birthing experiences for survivors is to effectively educate healthcare workers on sexual trauma and how it affects patient health and well-being, especially during a vulnerable and critical period like childbirth.^[7] Pregnancy and childbirth can be stressful for survivors of sexual violence especially due to the association of certain feelings with traumatic memories.^[7] For example, among some survivors, pelvic pain and fetal movement could trigger stressful memories of their traumatic experiences.^[7] Also, some survivors share how they felt that their healthcare provider dismissed and invalidated their concerns about discomfort and trauma during childbirth, especially during vaginal examinations and procedures, where survivors felt ignored and like they had no control over their bodies.^{[8, 9]}It is essential for survivors and their medical providers to establish and maintain trust. Based on research conducted, many survivors feel it is important for their healthcare team to be aware that they have sexual trauma, however, oftentimes they are not asked about it.^[9]Interestingly, there is no one standard birthing method that all survivors prefer; some survivors feel more comfortable with Cesarean sections (C-sections) and some with vaginal deliveries. For instance, some survivors prefer C-sections to prevent possible vaginal tearing and avoid vaginal examinations.^[9] On the other hand, some survivors prefer vaginal deliveries since they feel more in control of their bodies, are uncomfortable with the idea of surgery, and avoid taking numerous medications.^[9] Trauma-informed medical care practices can help survivors feel more comfortable during pregnancy and childbirth, which can safeguard both their health and their baby’s health. Diverse trauma-informed care practices can be utilized, including allowing the survivor to have a support person if possible, allowing the survivor to uncover her body on her own, starting with the least invasive medical procedure if possible, and ensuring the survivor properly understands the process and importance of medical procedures in advance.^[7] 

Breastfeeding 

Some survivors of sexual violence have low self-esteem and negative body image, which can cause hesitancy about breastfeeding, especially in public settings.^[10] This, in turn, further contributes to lower levels of self-esteem as they often feel bad and ashamed about not being able to effectively breastfeed their babies.^[10] Moreover, in medical settings, survivors can feel retraumatized particularly if healthcare workers touch them without warning or invitation to help initiate the breastfeeding process after childbirth.^[10] Furthermore, the over-sexualization of women’s breasts and undermining of their function to nurture new life significantly contribute to survivors’ discomfort and difficulty breastfeeding. For example, some survivors resent and feel ashamed of their breasts as a result of over-sexualization, ridicule, and hurtful comments about their breasts, and may perceive their breasts to be the cause of the traumatic experience.^[10] Simultaneously, the ability to breastfeed can be a transformative experience for survivors and empower them on their healing journey. For instance, some survivors find the changes pregnancy and childbirth bring to their breasts wondrous.^[10] Their body image can shift from negative to positive, as they become more aware of the power they hold to breastfeed and nurture new life. This, in turn, encourages them to embrace their breasts, and the process of breastfeeding, as healthy, impactful, essential, and auspicious rather than something to be ashamed of.^[10] Additionally, access to social support, such as breastfeeding support groups and initiatives to promote breastfeeding, helps facilitate positive and encouraging experiences for survivors.^[10] Making survivors feel more comfortable and confident with breastfeeding simultaneously ensures the new generation of infants are able to get the benefits breastfeeding offers. 

Interventions to help survivors who have experienced very traumatic experiences of sexual violence and have difficulty coping include antidepressant medications and psychotherapy.^{[11, 12]} Sexual violence is a critical and prevalent societal concern. Managing normal biological processes occurring in the female body could be difficult for survivors recovering from a traumatic experience like sexual violence. Being aware of the unique challenges survivors face, and how to mitigate them, can help create safe, supportive, positive, and healthy environments for survivors, and simultaneously empower them on their healing journeys. 

References 

[1] Brunton, R., & Dryer, R. (2021, January). Child Sexual Abuse and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. ScienceDirect. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213420304579

[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 23). About Sexual Violence. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

https://www.cdc.gov/sexual-violence/about/index.html#:~:text=Sexual%20violence%20is%20co mmon%3A,experienced%20completed%20or%20attempted%20rape 

[3] Golding J. M. (1996). Sexual assault history and women’s reproductive and sexual health. Psychology of women quarterly, 20, 101–121. 

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00667.x

[4] Romito, P., Cedolin, C., Bastiani, F., Beltramini, L., & Saurel-Cubizolles, M. J. (2017, May 31). Sexual harassment and menstrual disorders among Italian university women: A cross-sectional observational study. Sage Journals. 

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1403494817705559?journalCode=sjpc

[5] Somerset and Avon Rape and Sexual Abuse Support. (n.d.). The impact of trauma and menstruation. Somerset and Avon Rape and Sexual Abuse Support. https://www.sarsas.org.uk/the-impact-of-trauma-and-menstruation/

[6] UC Santa Cruz Center for Advocacy, Resources & Empowerment. (2023, October 16). De-mystifying your period after trauma. UCSC CARE. 

https://care.ucsc.edu/resources/your-period-after-trauma.pdf

[7] Ward L. G. (2020). Trauma-Informed Perinatal Healthcare for Survivors of Sexual Violence. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 34(3), 199–202. 

https://doi.org/10.1097/JPN.0000000000000501

[8] Montgomery, E., Pope, C., & Rogers, J. (2015, August 26). The re-enactment of childhood sexual abuse in maternity care: a qualitative study. BioMed Central. 

https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-015-0626-9

[9] Lissmann, R., Lokot, M., & Marston, C. (2023, November 16). Understanding the lived experience of pregnancy and birth for survivors of rape and sexual assault. BioMed Central. https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-06085-4 

[10] Wood, K., & Esterik, P. V. (2010, April). Infant feeding experiences of women who were sexually abused in childhood. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860840/ 

[11] Rothbaum, B. O., Ninan, P. T., & Thomas, L. (1996). Sertraline in the treatment of rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 9(4), 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02104108 

[12] Tull, M. (2023, December 6). Understanding PTSD After Sexual Assault. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/symptoms-of-ptsd-after-a-rape-2797203#toc-treatments-for-ptsd -after-sexual-assault

Emotional and Physical Effects of Miscarriage

Miscarriage is often described as the unexpected end of a pregnancy during the first 20 weeks of the gestation period. Though it can be difficult to understand the feeling in depth, it is essential to acknowledge the several negativities that come with a miscarriage. Every woman’s experience with it is different; however, several clinical specialists regard it as a traumatic experience that can evoke dreadful feelings of guilt, shame, and even symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).^[1] 

Causes of Miscarriage 

There are several reasons surrounding the cause of a miscarriage. Due to this, the phenomenon of miscarriage is quite common. In fact, around 10-20% of all pregnancies unfortunately result in a miscarriage.^[2] Contrary to most beliefs, mental health problems, exercise, and minor injuries are not what causes miscarriages. If the miscarriage occurs during the first trimester, which about 50% of miscarriages do, it is due to the fertilized egg containing an unusual amount of chromosomes. Another factor could be if the mother has a severe and abnormal disease or infection, such as unmanaged diabetes, immune system disorders like lupus, kidney disease, heart disease, and thyroid disease.^[3] Another very possible component of miscarriage is old age. 

These causes can lead to a few different types of miscarriage. Inevitable miscarriage is when the cervix opens up early, leaking amniotic fluid. Complete miscarriage is when the fetal tissue passes, leaving the pregnancy sac empty. Missed miscarriage occurs when there are no shown symptoms of a miscarriage, but the fetus has no heartbeat. Lastly, an incomplete miscarriage occurs when some pregnancy tissue has passed, but some tissue still remains in the uterus.^[4] 

Emotional Responses to a Miscarriage 

The time it takes to recover from a miscarriage is largely dependent on the person. Some couples come and accept the terms just within a few weeks, whereas others could take longer. Everyone endures grief differently; some find it better to talk about it, whereas others find it too miserable. Feelings of anxiety, depression, shock, guilt, anger, and resentment are common among individuals who recently miscarried. About 20% of women who miscarried became diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety, with impactful symptoms that lasted 1 to 3 years.^[5] After pregnancy loss, a large hormonal shift comes straight afterward. The sudden change in hormones contributes to an impactful amount of emotions. On average, it takes about 2 to 8 weeks for hormone levels to recuperate. 

Physical Responses to a Miscarriage 

Emotional tolls are not the only thing that comes with the cost of miscarriage. Several symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping are extremely common the weeks after a miscarriage. Like the emotional toll that comes with miscarriage, the physical process that comes afterward is experienced differently depending on the individual and the type of miscarriage they had. Painful period-like cramps are expectant; this usually occurs because the uterus is still squeezing out the leftover content that remained in the pregnancy sac.^[6] Some women even experience labor contractions. It is also likely for women to bleed heavily and even pass out. Treatment and symptoms for a woman who miscarried in her second trimester are a bit different. Since the fetus is more developed in the second trimester, hospitalization is a hundred percent necessary. Miscarrying in the second trimester also puts you through a more notable and real experience of labor. Miscarriage may also put you through certain discomfort like breast soreness and headaches. 

How to Heal 

Learning to heal is a different process for everyone. It is a distinctive and personal process that takes time and strength. It is crucial to consider reaching out to a mental health professional after a miscarriage, especially with a notable history of depression. A miscarriage therapist can help sort through dreadful and complicated emotions an individual might be going through. Getting in contact with someone who could help emotionally could be extremely beneficial to the woman suffering. After a miscarriage, it is especially key to make sure you are thoroughly practicing self-care. This is essential to make a good and healthy recovery. Physical activity is a great way to bring yourself joy and even let go of any emotional stress. 

References 

[1] Roxby, B. P. (2020, January 15). Miscarriage can lead to “long-term post-traumatic stress.” https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51093999 

[2] What is a Miscarriage? | Causes of Miscarriage. (n.d.). Planned Parenthood. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/miscarriage 

[3] Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Miscarriage. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9688-miscarriage

[4] Healthdirect Australia. (2024, May 8). Miscarriage. Types, Symptoms and When to See a Doctor | Pregnancy Birth and Baby. https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/miscarriage 

[5] Nynas, J., Narang, P., Kolikonda, M. K., & Lippmann, S. (2015). Depression and anxiety following early pregnancy loss. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.14r01721 

[6] The Miscarriage Association. (2024, January 25). The physical process – The Miscarriage Association.https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/information/miscarriage/the-physical-pro cess/

Hormone Waves: Navigating Women’s Emotional Tides 

Hormones play a significant role in women’s mental health. These secretions influence mood, emotions, and overall psychological well-being. They occur throughout various stages of a woman’s life, including the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, postpartum period, and menopause. These phases bring distinctive challenges, ones that can profoundly affect mental health. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing effective strategies to support women’s mental health across different life stages. 

The menstrual cycle is a prominent period of hormonal fluctuation in women. Monthly, estrogen and progesterone levels change. This can lead to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or even premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) ^[3]. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS, causing both emotional and physiological symptoms ^[3]. There are distinguishing factors between the two. In PMDD, one or more of these symptoms can stand out: sadness or hopelessness, anxiety or tension, extreme moodiness, marked irritability, or anger ^[3]. These cyclical changes significantly impact a woman’s quality of life on a day-to-day basis. 

Pregnancy is another critical period of hormonal change that can influence mental health. During pregnancy, women experience dramatic increases in estrogen and progesterone, like the menstrual cycle ^[5]. These hormonal changes are necessary for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. However, they can also contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and depression ^[5]. Prenatal depression and anxiety are common, however are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Mental health support during pregnancy is necessary for the well-being of both the mother and child. 

In the postpartum period, the time after childbirth is marked by a sudden drop in estrogen and progesterone, which accounts for the “baby blues” or postpartum depression (PPD) that many mothers face ^[6]. PPD affects many new mothers, causing feelings of sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion ^[6]. These symptoms can severely interfere with their ability to care for themselves and their babies. Postpartum psychosis (PPP), though less common, can also occur in new mothers. PPP refers to hallucinations and delusions and it can cause intense fear and anxiety and requires immediate medical intervention ^[6]. Supporting new mothers with resources can help them navigate postpartum mental health challenges. 

Another wave of hormonal changes arrives upon menopause, the stage marking the end of a woman’s reproductive years. The decline in estrogen and progesterone levels during menopause can lead to symptoms such as mood swings, depression, and anxiety ^[5]. Menopausal women may also experience cognitive changes. These include memory lapses and difficulties concentrating ^[2]. There are a few treatments that can help manage these symptoms, like hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which focuses on replacing the estrogen that your body no longer makes after menopause ^[1]. Along with these kinds of treatments, it is vital to provide psychological support and counseling to address the emotional aspects of menopause. 

Hormonal changes play a pivotal role in shaping women’s mental health across different stages of life. From the menstrual cycle to menopause, these fluctuations can lead to various mental health challenges. By recognizing the impact of hormonal changes and providing appropriate support and treatment, we can help women navigate these changes more effectively and help their overall mental health and well-being. Facing the mental health needs of women during these critical periods head-on is essential for ensuring they can sustain a good quality of life. 

References 

[1] Hormone therapy: Is it right for you? (2022, December 6). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/in-depth/hormone-therapy/ar t-20046372 

[2] Introduction to menopause. (2024, March 18). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/introduction-to-menopa use#:~:text=During%20this%20transition%20time%20before,of%20the%20symptoms% 20of%20menopause. 

[3] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Different from PMS? (2024, January 19). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/expert-answers/ pmdd/faq-20058315#:~:text=Premenstrual%20dysphoric%20disorder%20(PMDD)%20is ,daily%20life%20and%20damage%20relationships. 

[4]Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Postpartum psychosis. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24152-postpartum-psychosis#:~:text=Postpartum%20psychosis%20(PPP)%20is%20a%20condition%20that%20disrupts%20your%2 0sense,of%20this%20mental%20health%20condition. 

[5] The Healthline Editorial Team. (2017, August 29). What bodily changes can you expect during pregnancy? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/bodily-changes-during#:~:text=Hormonal %20changes%20during%20pregnancy,a%20number%20of%20other%20hormon [6] What happens to your hormones after birth? (2023, March 2). https://www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org/en/healthu/2023/03/02/what-happens-to-your hormones-after-birth#:~:text=Hormonal%20Changes%20After%20Birth&text=Estrogen %20and%20progesterone%20decrease%2C%20which,hormone%20responsible%20for% 20lactation%E2%80%94increases.

Understanding and Overcoming the Tendency to Take Things Personally 

Paz Etcheverry, MS, PhD
July 2024

Taking things personally is an irrational thought pattern that assumes people’s behaviors, words, and actions are targeted at you. It involves blaming yourself and believing that events around you are your fault or responsibility. 

For example, imagine driving on a Tuesday morning and the driver behind you unexpectedly honks. Your mind might jump to, “She thinks I’m a horrible driver,” followed by, “But I am a good driver. She’s just a jerk!” In reality, her honking might have nothing to do with your driving skills. She might have accidentally honked after spilling her hot coffee, or could be in a hurry to reach the emergency room because of a distressed toddler with a broken arm in the back seat. 

At the supermarket checkout, you hear the cashier grunt audibly as you approach with a cart full of food and water bottles. Your brain might think, “I’m bothering him with all these items. He thinks I’m annoying.” In truth, the cashier might be suffering from back pain, struggling with personal issues, or having a tough day at work. 

People have many reasons for their actions, and often, these reasons are unrelated to you. 

Taking things personally is a cognitive distortion. Cognitive distortions are negatively biased errors in thinking that can lead to depression. They represent an inaccurate perception of the world, a distorted lens through which we view it.^[3] Cognitive distortions were first introduced in 1979 by researchers Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery and later expanded by Burns in 1980.^[2] 

Taking things personally represents a poor understanding of boundaries. When it comes to interpersonal relationships, establishing and maintaining boundaries helps distinguish where the other person ends and you begin.^[1]When personalizing behaviors or actions of others, you are showing that your boundaries are lacking or blurred because you assume that their behavior and actions are a projection of you, as opposed to their own struggles, limitations, and character. It is essential to separate people’s issues from your own. 

Taking things personally suggests that one does not understand the concept of the Circle of Control. First introduced by Stephen R. Covey in his book, “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People”, the Circle of Control is a graphical representation of what we can and cannot control. Within your circle of things you can control, you have your actions, how you spend your spare time, your values and goals, your beliefs, how you treat others, and your thoughts. Outside your circle are things beyond your control, such as the past and the future, other people’s beliefs, the weather, others’ opinions, and reactions to your boundaries. Understanding this helps you let go of things outside your control and realize they are not your responsibility. 

However, sometimes the actions and words of others are, in fact, about you. If you betrayed your best friend, and she refuses to talk to you, then you should definitely take things personally. You should ask for forgiveness and work on becoming a better person who is kind, compassionate, loyal, and humble. But what if the new co-worker is dismissive and cold towards you, even though you have done nothing to warrant such behavior? Even in this case, you should not internalize their actions, as their behaviors are not a reflection of your worth, but of their emotional unavailability, fears, and struggles. 

To avoid taking things personally, consider challenging your negative thoughts with the following questions: 

• When I conclude that the driver behind me thinks I’m a horrible driver or that the cashier finds me annoying, is there truth in my thoughts? Are they based on facts? Can I categorically prove my conclusions? 
• Are there other possible explanations for people’s actions and behaviors?
• Are their actions or behaviors in direct response to something I said or did?
• Do I recognize that many things, like people’s behaviors, words, and actions, fall outside my control? 

In “The Four Agreements” by Don Miguel Ruiz, the author reminds us… 

“Whatever happens around you, don’t take it personally. Nothing other people do is because of you. It is because of themselves. All people live in their own dream, in their own mind; they are in a completely different world from the one we live in. When we take something personally, we make the assumption that they know what is in our world, and we try to impose our world on their world. 

Even when a situation seems so personal, even if others insult you directly, it has nothing to do with you. What they say, what they do, and the opinions they give are according to the agreements they have in their own minds. Taking things personally makes you easy prey for these predators, the black magicians. They can hook you easily with one little opinion and feed you whatever poison they want, and because you take it personally, you eat it up.” 

In conclusion, taking things personally is a cognitive distortion that skews our perception of reality and often leads to unnecessary emotional distress. By understanding that others’ actions and reactions are often driven by their own circumstances and challenges, we can learn to separate our self-worth from external factors beyond our control. Embracing the concept of boundaries and the Circle of Control allows us to focus on what we can change—our thoughts, actions, and responses—while letting go of what we cannot. By not taking things personally, you foster healthier relationships and good mental health, you become less reactive and more resilient, and you begin to feel a sense of inner peace. 

References 

[1] Peterson, E., & Solomon, D. (1998). Maintaining healthy boundaries in professional relationships: a balancing act. Home Care Provider, 3(6), 314–318. 

[2] Rnic, K., Dozois, D. J., & Martin, R. A. (2016). Cognitive distortions, humor styles, and depression. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1118

[3] Wang, B., Zhao, Y., Lu, X., & Qin, B. (2023). Cognitive distortion based explainable depression detection and analysis technologies for the adolescent internet users on social media. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1045777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045777

Factors Leading To Depression In Women

Veda Choksi
August 2024

Depression has become an extremely common health condition over the years for everyone in America. This includes teens and adults of every gender, however, it is more significant among women. Women are twice as likely to get depression than men. Why is that? A major role causing women to face depression is hormones. Women experience a great deal of hormonal imbalance throughout their lives. 

Changes During Puberty 

[2] When a woman hits puberty she experiences many hormonal changes that lead to changes in the way her body looks. The fast changes can end up causing her to have self-image issues such as body dysmorphia or eating disorders. Puberty can also cause acne or skin issues which tend to affect women’s self-esteem negatively. The hormonal imbalances during the monthly menstrual cycle may also interfere with their mood causing them to have bad relationships with the people around them. All these changes tend to stress out females. 

Stress During Pregnancy 

Pregnancy complications are very common because of unhealthy lifestyles. Any sort of complication tends to stress out women as they have to get treatment for certain issues they have. Situations like these end up affecting people extremely unfavorably. [3] During pregnancy, hormonal imbalance is very normal, causing their mood to be negative at times. In addition, unwanted pregnancies are extremely common, resulting in family issues and anxiety about the future. Pregnancy can come with a lot of worriesespecially when a woman does not have the right resources or a good support system. 

Postpartum Depression 

After pregnancy, a woman enters a completely different period of her life. Some women are under pressure to balance their work life and their family, while some women are forced to give up work and this further adds stress. [3] After pregnancy, women also have sleep issues. Sleep is a very important factor for mental health and seven to nine hours are required. 

Menopause 

Menopause comes with negative symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, irregular periods, anxiety, irritability, stress, and moodiness. Changes in mood and behavior affects surrounding relations, uncooperatively causing more stress. [2] Anxiety, stress, and lack of sleep can result in depression and other mental health issues. 

Physiological Basis

Women are usually more ruminative compared to men, meaning they tend to overthink. [1] Even though this can be a great thing, this may make them prone to depression. Men usually react by expressing anger rather than keeping it in their heads. Women tend to be more invested in their relationships which leads to stronger emotions that do not end up being released.

Sexism!

[2] Women still face sexism in this day and age, usually from family members or even workspaces. Growing up in restrictive and traumatic households can result in depression over time. Women also tend to face discrimination from their families for working. Conversely, some women face discrimination for deciding not to work. 

Recognizing Depression and Seeking Help

Symptoms of depression include: 

• Consistent sadness, anxiety, or negative mood
• Loss of interest or pleasure 
• Sleep issues such as insomnia 
• Tiredness and low energy 
• Irregular appetite and weight gain or loss
• Trouble focusing 
• Frequent negative thoughts 
• Unexplained physical pain

People who have prominent symptoms of depression to the point where they affect their daily lives should seek help. To seek help, you can first see your family doctor who can help you get further help such as therapy and medications as required. If you have suicidal thoughts and think you might hurt yourself call your local emergency number immediately or contact your local suicide hotline.

References

[1] Burton, N. (2024, June 23). The 7 Reasons Why Depression is More Common in Women. Psychology Today.

[2] Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes. (2022, October 14). Mayo Clinic. [3] Schimelpfening, N. (2024, April 1). Why Depression Is More Common in Women Than in Men. Verywell Mind.

Inside the Dangerous Recesses of the “Perfect Victim” Trope 

Perfect victims don’t exist. However, society parrots the idea that women who experience sexual assault must adhere to a certain moral purity to be acknowledged for their trauma.^[2] This is called the “Perfect Victim” trope.^[2] 

According to Dr. Jason B. Whiting, the perfect victim is someone who is “weak and vulnerable and involved in a respectable activity at the time of victimization.^[2]” In all aspects, they are able to gain “the most sympathy and support from society.”^[2] 

Here is a story to put it into perspective. There is a woman named Melissa. She’s young, cisgender, supposedly heterosexual, and white. When she is sexually assaulted, she is not drunk, wearing revealing clothing, or flaunting her sexuality. She is believed and heralded as a tragic, sympathetic figure, both by the public and police force alike. 

What happens to women who don’t fit the mold of Melissa’s narrative? People see their stories through a doubtful lens. Repeat phrases like “there’s two sides to every story” or “gray area,” serving to bolster the narrative of the perpetrator.^[2] Continue to question, doubt, and ultimately, siphon away any empathy they have for them.^[3] 

Those Who Don’t Fit The Physical Picture 

Author and social activist Bri Lee notes that along with women of color, it’s often “women for whom English was a second language, who have either intellectual or physical disabilities, very young women and very old women” who are victims of sexual assault.^[1] 

The numbers don’t lie either. A recent Trades Congress Report highlighted that 54% of black women reported sexual harassment at work, compared to 34% of white women.^[4] The Aged Royal Commission reports that up to 50% of sexual crimes happen in nursing homes on a weekly basis.^[1] Women with intellectual disabilities are 50-90% more likely to be the targets of sexual assault.^[1] 

It’s not that cisgender white women’s voices don’t deserve to be heard; however, their stories are prioritized at the expense of those belonging to other marginalized groups. When have black women—historically stereotyped as unfeminine, aggressive, and hypersexual—ever been commonly believed? Would a senior citizen living in a retirement home have a higher chance of the authorities taking her report seriously, or them writing her off as a demented dotard? Obviously the second option, because society has placed the validity and worth of victims on a scale determined by their extrinsic identities. 

If your story isn’t clear, isn’t convenient, it’s less likely to matter. 

Those Who Don’t Fit the Personality Picture 

No imperfect victim is the same. Some are hot-headed, unlikeable, and while grappling with their trauma, inadvertently push others away, their relationships (platonic or romantic) ending as collateral damage.^[5] Others are anxious, self-deprecating, and drown their words in apology-habitual behavior, thereby dissolving their credibility to others. But to be perfect, victims must not show their trauma in such ugly ways.^[5] They need to control their fears, and if they wish to share their stories, they must do it for the sake of other victims. 

Emily Withnall, domestic abuse survivor and writer, says “I do not meet societal criteria for being a perfect victim. I am a lesbian, for one. I’m also hard headed, prone to argument, and write freely about personal topics that make people uncomfortable. But I refuse to contain the stories of my abuse.”^[5] 

When these personalities are shamed, victims become susceptible to self-doubt. . Destructive thoughts such as “I brought this upon myself” and “I didn’t tell him, who would believe me?” take a front seat in driving their lives.^[5] Thus directing them down the decaying road filled with other traumatized women whose personalities are “unpleasant.” There, they are abandoned, their stories left in the refuse and rubble. 

Those We Need to Include 

All victims deserve a seat at the table. Integrity should not be based on skin color, sexuality, gender, class, or perceived personality. If a woman fights back against her attacker, she’s not intrinsically an abuser too. If a woman was drunk at the time of the sexual assault, she did not bring it upon herself. If a woman wore a revealing outfit, she didn’t want her assault to happen. 

Let’s slow down, wait and listen. When we do, the intricacies of the stories will form on their own, without the “Perfect Victim” trope to write them for us. 

References

[1] Cocoran, Lucy. (2022). The Idea of the ‘Perfect Victim’ Is Hindering The Sexual Assault Movement, And It Needs To End. Elle. https://www.elle.com.au/culture/politics/perfect-victim-sexual-assault-dangers-26952/

[2] Dorn, Isabel. (2023). The myth of the perfect victim. The Lawrentian. https://www.lawrentian.com/archives/1023060

[3] Glory, Oviasuyi. (2023). Addressing the Myth of the Perfect Victim. Document Women. https://documentwomen.com/addressing-the-myth-of-the-perfect-victim 

[4] Machray, Kim. (2023). The Perfect Victim Myth. Empoword Journalism. https://www.empowordjournalism.com/all-articles/the-perfect-victim-myth/ 

[5] Withnall, Emily. (2024). The Myth of the Perfect Victim. The Plentitudes. https://www.theplentitudes.com/piece/The-Myth-of-the-Perfect-Victim

Welcoming New Life Into the World 

Isha Gupta
May 2024

Infants can be born in diverse ways. In the United States, vaginal delivery and C-section, also known as Cesarean birth, are common.^[1] According to Cleaveland Clinic, in the United States, about 68% of all births are via vaginal deliveries, and about 1.2 million C-section deliveries occur each year.^[1]Both vaginal deliveries and C-sections can be accompanied by unique risks and advantages for both newborns and their mothers. Therefore, it is important to be more aware of these two most common methods infants are born. 

Vaginal delivery 

Vaginal delivery is the most common type of childbirth. It is considered to be the safest and preferred.^[1] During this childbirth method, the uterus contracts, the cervix opens and the newborn is pushed out of the vagina, also referred to as the birth canal.^[1] 

Researchers have found numerous benefits of vaginal delivery to maternal and child health. These include decreased hospital stay and increased mother-child bonding.^[2]Also, among new mothers, vaginal deliveries are associated with faster recovery, lower rates of infection, and lower risk of complications for subsequent pregnancies.^[1]In addition, babies born via the birth canal are more likely to breastfeed, have improved immune function, and lower risk of respiratory health problems.^[1] 

Although it is generally considered to be the least risky,^[3] vaginal delivery could still lead to potential risks and adverse outcomes. One of the most common complications is excessive or life-threatening bleeding during or after childbirth, also known as hemorrhage.^[3] Furthermore, tears around the vagina and rectum can occur during vaginal delivery.^[3] Moreover, larger tears in the vagina can further increase the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage.^[4] 

C-section 

A C-section is the surgical delivery of an infant. C-sections are usually recommended when vaginal delivery is unsafe for either the mother, baby, or both. C-sections can be performed during medical emergencies and they can also be planned in advance.^[5] During this childbirth method, a cut, referred to as an incision, is made in the abdomen and uterus. After the infant is delivered and the placenta is expelled, stitches are made to close the incision.^[6]

A variety of factors can influence whether a woman will undergo a C-section. These include the placenta being attached too low, or when the infant’s body is too large to safely pass through the pelvis.^[5] Furthermore, abnormal fetal heart rate^[6] and the infant’s position in the uterus can influence the need for a C-section. Moreover, women may undergo a C-section if they have certain chronic health conditions such as heart disease, or, infections that could be transmitted to the infant during vaginal delivery such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).^[7] For women who previously had a C-section, vaginal delivery could still be considered for the subsequent birth.^[5] However, important factors such as the type of uterine incision from the previous birth and the risk of uterine rupture could influence the need for a C-section for the subsequent birth.^[5] Additionally, for women who are carrying multiple infants in the uterus, a C-section is considered to be safer, especially since carrying multiple infants can cause prolonged labor, which, in turn, can lead to distress.^[7] 

C-sections are generally considered to be associated with more risks than vaginal deliveries.^[1] Along with longer hospital stays and longer recovery,^[1] possible risks and complications include reactions to medicines utilized during the surgery, injury to the bladder or bowel, and wound infection.^[6] Nevertheless, C-sections may also offer unique advantages. These include less risk of the infant being oxygen-deprived during the delivery. Additionally, for the new mother, a C-section may pose a lower risk of incontinence and sexual dysfunction.^[1] 

Vaginal deliveries and C-sections are the most common birthing methods in the United States. Diverse medical and health factors can influence whether a C-section or vaginal delivery would be essential for a mother to safely give birth to her baby. There can be possible risks and unique advantages to both methods of welcoming new life into the world. 

References 

[1] Cleveland Clinic. (2022, October 7). Pregnancy: Types of Delivery. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9675-pregnancy-types-of-delivery 

[2] Desai, N. M., & Tsukerman, A. (2023, July 24). Vaginal Delivery. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559197/ 

[3] Cleveland Clinic. (2022a, May 26). Vaginal Delivery. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23097-vaginal-delivery

[4] Graugaard , H. L., & Maimburg, R. D. (2021, March 10). Is the increase in postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal birth because of altered clinical practice?: A register-based cohort study. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/birt.12543 

[5] Cleveland Clinic. (2022b, August 14). C-Section. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/7246-cesarean-birth-c-section

[6] Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2024). Cesarean Section. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cesarean-section 

[7] Healthline Media. (2016, July 8). Reasons for a C-Section: Medical, Personal, or Other. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/c-section-reasons