A Click Way: What We Know About Online Porn Addiction

Posted on | by

A Click Way: What We Know About Online Porn Addiction

Paz Etcheverry, MS, PhD
June 2024

I recently stumbled upon a YouTube video, where the YouTuber delved into the reasons behind men’s and women’s apparent disinterest in pursuing relationships at this day in age. According to the YouTuber, a common factor for men is the satisfaction derived from reliance on pornography, leading individuals to forgo the desire for committed relationships and, eventually, to porn addiction.

The video prompted me to investigate the phenomenon of online porn addiction in society. What became quite apparent at first in my research is that we do not know yet how to define porn addiction. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, a comprehensive guide published by the American Psychiatric Association on mental health disorders, has no definition of porn addiction.^[16]Published studies on this behavioral disorder usually rely on the self-reported, self-perceived assessment of addiction to porn. In other words, if the study participants considered that they had an unhealthy reliance on porn, then they were labeled as having an addiction to it.

Hence, the research findings that I am sharing in this article pertain not only to online porn addiction, also known as problematic pornographic use but to online porn use, also known as cybersex:

Porn use is attributed to four main reasons:

increased sex drive
enhancing sexual performance (e.g., to learn new sex positions, to understand the sexual pleasures of people of the opposite sex, etc.)
social reasons (e.g., friends are watching pornography), and
lack of relational and emotional skills (e.g., due to lack of a romantic partner or to relieve stress).^[2]

Like any other addiction, porn addiction exhibits a model characterized by

impaired control, e.g., craving, unsuccessful attempts to reduce the behavior,
impairment, e.g., narrowing of interests and neglect of other areas of life, and
risky use, i.e., persisting intake despite awareness of damaging psychological effects.^[11]

Porn addiction is more prevalent in men than in women.^[7]According to the evidence, the prevalence of porn addiction ranges between 3% in women to 11% in men; however, it is difficult to determine because, as aforementioned, there is not a formal definition of the disorder.^{[17] [6]}

Porn addiction can be facilitated by non-digital erotica like magazines and books, but the affordability— the sites are either low cost or free—, accessibility—all that is required is internet connectivity—, and anonymity—no personal information is requested— of websites have contributed to ubiquitous access and use of porn.^[11]

Pornography affects mental health. Studies have suggested that individuals who view pornography may become fixated on thoughts associated with pornographic content, which lessens their ability to form close interpersonal relationships and causes them to withdraw from social settings.^[11]Additionally, pornographic material may lead to feelings of shame, guilt, and internal and moral conflicts among users.^[14]For example, among US college students, pornography is associated with an increased risk of depression, suicidal thoughts, stress, and anxiety.^{[11] [3]}Also, among US veterans, problematic pornography use is associated with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and insomnia.^[15]

Porn use may be linked with sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction.^[1]But how? One possible explanation might be that with increased porn use, the users have a lower response and, as a result, there is a need for more extreme, “kinky” material to become sexually aroused.^[13] In other words, there is a desensitization over time in those who are addicted to porn.

Porn addiction can lead to relationship troubles. According to a study published in 2023, porn-addicted participants reported significant adverse effects on their sexuality and romantic and sexual relationships. The issues in the relationships were mainly due to secrecy and lying, emotional and physical infidelity, and the avoidance of partnered sex resulting from choosing porn over the partner.^[8]

Porn addiction may lead to performance anxiety. Users may experience performance anxiety because of heightened insecurity after watching pornographic material. Some have revealed they had never experienced partnered sex, attributing this to increased insecurity stemming from porn use.^[8]

Pornography may impact women’s body image. A 2010 report concluded that pornography leads to a culture of sexualization and body dissatisfaction,^[12]which agrees with the increasing numbers of plastic surgeries among young females focused on breast operations and labiaplasty^[5]and among men focused on penis surgery.^[10]Hence, pornography emphasizes physical perfection, leading to low self-esteem, self-loathing, and a desire to change one’s body.

Porn addiction can cause occupational issues as users sometimes use their work computers to satisfy their addiction.^[8]Porn addiction can lead to decreased concentration, efficiency, and productivity in the workforce^{[9] [4]}and to employee distress and sexual harassment.^[4]

In conclusion, the phenomenon of online porn addiction highlights a growing concern in today’s digital age. Despite the absence of a formal definition in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the patterns of impaired control, life impairment, and risky use are apparent among self-identified addicts. The widespread accessibility, affordability, and anonymity of online pornography have contributed to its pervasive impact on mental health, relationships, and professional life. The higher prevalence among men and the associated risks remind us of the need for a clearer understanding and more effective interventions. Addressing this issue is crucial for fostering healthier interpersonal connections and mitigating the adverse effects on individuals and society as a whole.

References

[1] Berger, J. H., Kehoe, J. E., Doan, A. P., Crain, D. S., Klam, W. P., Marshall, M. T., & Christman, M. S. (2019). Survey of sexual function and pornography. Military Medicine, 184(11–12), 731–737. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz079

[2] Burtăverde, V., Jonason, P. K., Giosan, C., & Ene, C. (2021). Why do people watch porn? An evolutionary perspective on the reasons for pornography consumption. Evolutionary Psychology: An International Journal of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology and Behavior, 19(2), 14747049211028798. https://doi.org/10.1177/14747049211028798

[3] Camilleri, C., Perry, J. T., & Sammut, S. (2021). Compulsive internet pornography use and mental health: A cross-sectional study in a sample of university students in the United States. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 613244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244

[4] Cooper, A., Safir, M. P., & Rosenmann, A. (2006). Workplace worries: A preliminary look at online sexual activities at the office-emerging issues for clinicians and employers. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 9(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.22

[5] Crouch, N. S., Deans, R., Michala, L., Liao, L. M., & Creighton, S. M. (2011). Clinical characteristics of well women seeking labial reduction surgery: A prospective study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 118(12), 1507–1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03088.x

[6] de Alarcón, R., de la Iglesia, J. I., Casado, N. M., & Montejo, A. L. (2019). Online porn addiction: What we know and what we don’t – A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010091

[7] Frangos, C. C., Frangos, C. C., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2011). Problematic internet use among Greek university students: An ordinal logistic regression with risk factors of negative psychological beliefs, pornographic sites, and online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(1–2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1089

[8] Hanseder, S., & Dantas, J. A. R. (2023). Males’ lived experience with self-perceived pornography addiction: A qualitative study of problematic porn use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021497

[9] Kadiani, A., Goyal, E., Devabhaktuni, S., Saldanha, B. D., & Chaudhari, B. (2017). Pornographic addiction: Is it a distinct entity? Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University, 10(5), 461–464.

[10] Marra, G., Drury, A., Tran, L., Veale, D., & Muir, G. H. (2020). Systematic review of surgical and nonsurgical interventions in normal men complaining of small penis size. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 8(1), 158–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.01.004

[11] Noel, J. K., Jacob, S., Swanberg, J. E., & Rosenthal, S. R. (2023). Pornography: A concealed behavior with serious consequences. Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013), 106(3), 29–34.

[12] Papadopoulos L. (2010) Sexualisation of young people – Review. Available at: https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/10738/1/sexualisation-young-people.pdf.

[13] Park, B. Y., Wilson, G., Berger, J., Christman, M., Reina, B., Bishop, F., Klam, W. P., & Doan, A. P. (2016). Is internet pornography causing sexual dysfunctions? A review with clinical reports. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 6(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6030017

[14] Privara, M., & Bob, P. (2023). Pornography consumption and cognitive-affective distress. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 211(8), 641–646. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001669

[15] Shirk, S. D., Saxena, A., Park, D., & Kraus, S. W. (2021). Predicting problematic pornography use among male returning US veterans. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106647

[16] Shrivastava, T., Agarwal, P., Vora, V., & Sethi, Y. (2022). Aggravation of obsessive-compulsive disorder due to excessive porn consumption: A case report. Cureus, 14(12), e33018. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33018

[17] Wéry, A., & Billieux, J. (2017). Problematic cybersex: Conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.007

When a Painful Cramp isn’t Just a Painful Cramp: a Guide to Endometriosis

Posted on | by

When a Painful Cramp isn’t Just a Painful Cramp: a Guide to Endometriosis

Tanvi Mehta
June 2024

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to that in the lining of the uterus grows elsewhere within the body.^[5] When this tissue is in the uterine lining, it regularly breaks down and leaves the body through the menstrual cycle. ^[4] However, when this tissue is produced outside the uterus it does not have means of exiting the body, causing inflammation and scarring within the pelvic region.^[5]

Symptoms

Up to 30% of endometriosis patients do not present with any symptoms at all.^[6] However, those that do, often present with excessively painful periods, pain with bowel movements and urination, pain during or after sex, excessive bleeding, infertility, irregular periods, fatigue, and spotting between periods.^[3]

Patient Population

Around 10% of women have endometriosis and patients that get diagnosed are usually between the ages of 25 and 40, but endometriosis can start to present in teen years as well. Some risk factors include having a family history of endometriosis, starting periods at a young age (11 or younger), having shorter amounts of time between periods, and defects within your uterus or fallopian tubes.^[1]

What does getting diagnosed look like?

Diagnosis begins with your doctor taking a thorough patient medical history which can often give insight. Questions like asking the patient if their periods have always been this painful or if they have any family history of endometriosis can often help doctors discern whether the patient is experiencing endometriosis or potentially another condition.^[6]

If the doctor suspects endometriosis, typically they will start with a pelvic exam in which they feel around in the pelvic area with gloved hands for any unusual changes like cysts or irregular growths. Usually, areas of endometriosis cannot be felt in a pelvic exam unless a cyst has formed in the area. If the doctor suspects something, they may move onto ultrasounds which can help to show a better picture of the reproductive organs and any cysts on them. However, an ultrasound is unable to fully confirm the diagnosis and other options like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) might be needed to get a fuller picture. At this point, a clinical diagnosis based on imaging and symptoms can be made.

Treatment Options

Treatment can vary a lot depending on different factors like progression and severity of the disease, plans for future pregnancies, and age. Medications are often used to symptomatically treat patients’ pain as well as increase fertility.

While these medications may work short-term, the long-term solution to relieve the chronic discomfort from endometriosis is surgery. The problem with surgery is that even with it, symptoms may come back in a few years depending on the disease severity.^[1] Laparoscopy, a surgical procedure to check inside the abdomen for signs of endometriosis, is used to get information about the progression of endometriosis growths and also remove them. ^[4] In severe cases, a hysterectomy may be the best option, considering the progression of the disease and the amount of scar tissue. A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure in which the uterus is entirely removed from the patient’s abdomen.^[1]

Causes

Scientists still do not exactly know what the cause of endometriosis is, but it is likely caused by multiple factors like genetics and altered immune system function. The most common theory explaining its origin is the retrograde menstruation theory. This theory suggests that some menstrual blood and uterine lining tissue, which normally exits through the vagina, flows back into the fallopian tubes and pelvis. Thus, endometrial cells attach and grow on tissues in the pelvis.^[6]

Often Being Misdiagnosed and Overlooked

The problem with endometriosis diagnosis is that each person’s menstrual cycle experience is unique and subjective. Sometimes, what a patient might believe to be cramp pain at their regular tolerance level could actually be pain from endometriosis. Oppositely, what patients might tell their doctors is unusual extreme pain, might be dismissed as just period cramps. Endometriosis patients often do feel ignored and isolated as their broad symptoms are difficult to diagnose with such little attention being paid to endometriosis in the greater medical domain.^[2]

Outlook

Endometriosis is a condition that can affect a person’s daily life, causing long-term pain, disruptions in menstrual cycles, and even infertility. However, patients with endometriosis can very much still have full and meaningful lives with proper diagnosis and treatment!^[1]

References

[1] Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Endometriosis: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10857-endometriosis

[2] Hudson, N. (2022). The missed disease? endometriosis as an example of ‘undone science.’ Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 14, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2021.07.003

[3] Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Endometriosis. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/endometriosis

[4] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, October 12). Endometriosis. Mayo Clinic.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354661

[5] World Health Organization. (n.d.). Endometriosis. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/endometriosis#:~:text=Overview,period%20and%20last%20until%20menopause.
[6] Yale Medicine. (2024, March 11). Endometriosis. Yale Medicine. https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/endometriosis

Why is Depression More Prevalent in Women?

Posted on | by

Why is Depression More Prevalent in Women?

Unnati Shekhar
June 2024

Major depression is a widespread chronic illness that significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. In 2010, depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability in Canada, the United States, and across the globe. When considering deaths from suicide and stroke related to depression, it ranks third in the global burden of disease. The overall burden of major depression is increasing, and it is expected to be the leading cause of disease burden by 2030, already holding this position for women worldwide. Between 1990 and 2010, Canada saw a 75% increase in disability-adjusted life years due to major depression, second only to Alzheimer’s disease, while the increase in the U.S. was 43%. The female-to-male ratio of global disability from major depression has remained at 1.7:1. While socioeconomic factors such as abuse, education, and income may influence the higher rate of depression in women, this article focuses on biological contributors to this disparity.

The prevalence of major depression is higher in women than in men. In 2010, the global annual prevalence was 5.5% for women and 3.2% for men, a 1.7-fold difference. In Canada, the prevalence in 2002 was 5.0% for women and 2.9% for men, increasing to 5.8% and 3.6% respectively by 2012. These similar ratios across developed countries suggest that the differential risk is mainly due to biological sex differences rather than social or economic factors. The rate of depression does not appear higher in countries where women have significantly lower socioeconomic status than men. Depression is more than twice as prevalent in young women (ages 14–25) than in men, but this ratio decreases with age. Before puberty, boys and girls have similar depression rates, which decline after age 65, becoming similar between genders. This higher prevalence in women is also reflected in the prescription rates of antidepressants, with women in Canada being prescribed these medications more than twice as often as men. The delay in antidepressant treatment for young adults may contribute to higher depression rates in adolescence and young adulthood.

Depression triggers differ between genders, with women more often experiencing internalizing symptoms and men externalizing symptoms. Studies of dizygotic twins suggest women are more sensitive to interpersonal relationships while men are more sensitive to external career and goal-oriented factors. Women also face specific forms of depression-related illnesses linked to hormonal changes, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, and postmenopausal depression and anxiety. This suggests that hormonal fluctuations, particularly estrogen, may trigger depression in women. However, most preclinical studies focus on males to avoid behavioural variability related to the menstrual cycle. Additionally research on primates has shown that social stress can lead to depression-like symptoms and changes in the serotonin system and hippocampal volume, more pronounced in postmenopausal than ovarian-intact monkeys. Furthermore, hormone replacement therapy during perimenopause has shown promise in preventing postmenopausal depression. Studies indicate that oral contraceptive use may reduce depression and anxiety, suggesting that moderating estrogen cycling could be protective.

Despite the lack of systemic estrogen, men have lower depression rates, possibly due to the conversion of testosterone to estrogen in the male brain, providing consistent protection. Men also have androgen receptors that may offer additional protection. These hormonal and developmental differences in brain circuitry contribute to the lower prevalence of depression in men.

The fundamental genetic differences between men and women, such as the presence of X and Y chromosomes, contribute to the differing depression rates. Societal factors likely have a biological basis, yet even with improving social equality, the female-to-male depression ratio remains unchanged. Biological factors, particularly fluctuations in ovarian hormones and decreases in estrogen, appear to significantly contribute to the higher prevalence of depression in women. Developing treatments that target these biological factors could help mitigate this disparity.

References

Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., Burstein, R., Murray, C. J., & Vos, T. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 382(9904), 1575–1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6

Ford, D. E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004). Depression and C-Reactive protein in US adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(9), 1010. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010

Women in Gaza: The Violation of Human Rights

Posted on | by

Women in Gaza: The Violation of Human Rights

Mina Mohamed
June 2024

According to the United Nations Population Fund, more than 690,000 menstruating women and girls in Gaza have limited access to menstrual hygiene products ^[1]. The ongoing conflict, rooted in the over-expansion of Israeli occupation, has severely impacted gender equality. War intensifies societal issues, and the rampant human rights violations uniquely affects Palestinian women.

Before the recent escalation of tensions on October 7th, 2023, Palestine existed in a state of apartheid, similar to South Africa’s historical situation. To gain support for the World War I effort, the UK supported the creation of the State of Israel. Over time, legislative power shifted towards the Jewish immigrants, and the State of Israel was officially established on May 14th, 1948. This creation displaced many Palestinians, forcing them into a much smaller territory. As Israel expanded, Palestinians were further displaced from their homes, particularly along the coastline. The most recent land loss for Palestine occurred on March 26, 2024, when Palestinians were forced to flee 2,000 acres of land. Racial inequality and discrimination have become a common reality for Palestinians, who are unable to return to their ancestral lands taken after the creation of Israel.

A far-right government led by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came into power at the end of 2022 and escalated the violence. In 2023 alone, more than 199 Palestinians were killed as a result of Netanyahu’s government’s actions, and perpetrators of mob violence against Palestinians have rarely faced justice. After October 7th, the war ravaged the Palestinian state, with civilians caught in the crossfire of a $12.8 billion US-funded military. As infrastructure and roads became blocked by rubble, supply lines to towns and cities were cut off, leading to more casualties. The major displacement of Palestinians into areas deemed safe by Israelis did not protect them from the relentless bombings. Palestinian civilians are defenseless, and their rights have been ignored far longer than October 7th. Furthermore, women’s rights have been increasingly suppressed under the new siege.

There are currently about 50,000 pregnant women in Gaza, and with only 16 out of the 48 Palestinian Hospitals being partially operational, these are all high-risk pregnancies. Major aid blockades have led to the delay or end of medical supplies deliveries including anesthesia, bandages, and sterile attire to prevent infection. Women in Gaza do not have menstrual products either, which has forced them to look for other alternatives. Torn cloth from refugee tents has become a solution for many, and this is a major risk for infection. Yasmeen Ahmad, a physician at the Nasser Hospital maternity ward told Bisan Ouda in a video for the women’s collective,

NO2TA, that they encounter numerous instances of fever directly linked to vaginal yeast infections arising from inadequate hygiene and the absence of feminine hygiene products.

The Independent Commissions Council, established by the United Nations Human rights Council has declared that Israel committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and violations of international humanitarian and human rights law ^[2]. The UN has called for an immediate end to the bombardment of Palestine, and for reparations to be paid for the loss of homes and life.

The siege on Gaza remains a critical issue as Israel faces major scrutiny for human rights violations and their display of indifference. The headlines about Gaza’s losses offer a glimpse into the reality its residents have faced since the start of the Israeli occupation. On account of social media platforms like TikTok and X, unbiased video evidence of Israeli leaders fueling propaganda to justify their murders and exposing their genocidal intentions. As a result, global awareness of the unjust actions of the Israeli nation has increased, sparking protests in major cities like Paris, London, and New York City.

You can support the citizens caught in the crossfire between the two nations by donating or raising awareness about the ongoing human rights violations. The time to act is now, as every passing moment leads to more innocent lives lost in this tragic conflict.

References:

[1] The Women’s Health Crisis in Gaza – Gisha. Gisha. (2024, January 28). https://gisha.org/en/the-womens-health-crisis-in-gaza Women and girls in Gaza: Bombarded, displaced and left without health care. European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. (4AD).

https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/stories/women-and-girls-gaza -bombarded-displaced-and-left-without-health-care_en Wright, E., Alrifai, T., & Pires, R. (2023, November 3). Women and newborns bearing the brunt of the conflict in Gaza, UN agencies warn. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conf lict-in-gaza-un-agencies-warn

[2] United Nations. (2024, June 12). Gaza: Hamas, Israel committed war crimes, claims independent rights probe | UN news. United Nations.

https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1150946#:~:text=The%20independent%20Commission%2 C%20established%20by,humanitarian%20and%20human%20rights%20laws.

Nowhere to Turn: Bisexual Women’s Segregation

Posted on | by

Nowhere to Turn: Bisexual Women’s Segregation

Lisa Samy
June 2024

It’s common knowledge that members within the LGTBQ+ community are locked into a constant fight against discrimination, violence, and bigotry. Yet, one subgroup of the community has a higher proximity to these dangers than most: bisexual women.

Indeed, numerous studies give us a glimpse into the disparities. In comparison to their lesbian and heterosexual counterparts, bisexual women have higher rates of “rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner,” reaching a startling 61 percent of the bisexual women documented.^[2]Furthermore, the Bisexual Resource Center indicates bisexual women “are less likely to be out” compared to lesbian women, and have a higher risk of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety.^[2] It’s abundantly clear that bisexual women are not receiving the support they need. The reasons are rooted in a plethora of factors, but there are a prominent few that pose the biggest threats to bisexual women’s well-being.

The Dangers of Bisexual Invisibility

Society is largely catered toward rigid binaries and monosexuality (male/female, straight/gay), meaning plural attraction is largely misunderstood and unaccepted.^[5]Bisexual women are often told that they are confused, and they either engage in same-sex activities because it’s a “phase” or that they are “secretly gay.”^[4]Essentially, everyone sees their dating life as an “either/or” situation. If a bisexual woman is with a man, she’s straight. If a bisexual woman is with a woman, she’s a lesbian. Thus, a bisexual woman feels immense pressure to “be gay or straight enough,” or her sexuality is, in the eyes of others, a fad.^[4]This might result in her engaging in frequent, unsafe sexual activity to “prove herself,” or choosing to never come out to prevent constant questioning about her sexuality.^[5]Both options undoubtedly jeopardize her health, both physically and mentally.

A Long History of Fetishism

Hypersexualism is a long-standing stereotype of bisexuals: they are greedy and will “sleep with anyone,” leading to constant exploitation of bisexuals as a sexual fetish.^[1]In particular, heterosexual men are notorious for eroticizing bisexual women—they are “performing” for these men, but are still “sexually available” to them^[4]. However, their enjoyment is not flattering to bisexual women. It conveys the dangerous notion that bisexual women don’t pursue women romantically for themselves but for the pleasure of men. As a result, the skepticism and disgust towards bisexual women only increases across communities.

Biphobia in the LGBTQ+ Community

It’s not as simple as it seems for bisexual women to look to the queer community for support—not when they have a history of perpetuating biphobia themselves. In online communities, bisexual women often post about the lack of acceptance and stereotypes in the queer community, highling not just the loneliness they feel, but the shock they feel that fellow LGBTQ+ members would perpetuate biphobic behavior.^[1]

Robyn Ochs, a bisexual woman and author, says, “Gay and lesbian identified individuals frequently view [bisexuals] as possessing a degree of privilege not available to them.”^[3]The impact of this belief is prominent, particularly in lesbian spaces (Heinze, 2021). Lesbians are notorious for rejecting bisexual women as romantic partners because they appear untrustworthy (they will leave them for a man), incapable of monogamy, and are “sleeping with the enemy.”^[3] It’s true that bisexual women can marry a man, thereby avoiding homophobic violence, but conditional acceptance and suppressing their sexuality is not acceptance. It’s not a privilege. It’s a cage.

Reclaiming Their Identity

Bisexual women have long had their identity mischaracterized, slandered, and defined by both queer and straight folk alike. They seldom had little opportunity to construct their identities for themselves. When we allow bisexual women the chance to speak candidly, stop anti-bisexual discrimination, and champion equality, they can feel ownership of their identity.

“My sexual orientation is not a choice,” Joellyn Wilken Weingourt from The Equality Federation, an LGBTQ+ advocacy organization, says. “I am a cisgender woman, somewhere in my 40s, I have a husband and a child. And I am proud to be bisexual. I am proud of my past and my present. I am excited about my out and proud future.”^[3]

References

[1] Heinze, JL. (2021). Bi+ Issues in Society. National Sexual Violence Resource Center. https://www.nsvrc.org/blogs/Bi-phobia-series/bi-issues

[2] Heinze, JL. (2021). Disparities in Bi+ Health and Sexual Violence. National Sexual Violence Resource Center. https://www.nsvrc.org/blogs/Bi-phobia-series/disparities-bi-health-and-sexual-violence

[3] Kincaid, Laken. (2021). Biphobia and Acceptance in the LGBT Community. The Carroll News.

[4] Wells, Sian. (2021). Stop Fetishizing Bi Women, Our Sexuality Is Not For You. Her Campus. https://www.hercampus.com/school/nottingham/stop-fetishizing-bi-women-bi-erasure-amongst-s tudents/

[5] York, Thomas. (2021). ‘People erase my existence.’ The British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/people-erase-my-existence

Debunking Period Myths

Posted on | by

Debunking Period Myths

Jessica Luu
June 2024

Periods. The natural bodily function experienced by half of our world’s population.^[9] Yet, why does the word “period” itself evoke such a sense of discomfort and embarrassment in many? From old wives’ tales to misguided beliefs, periods have continued to be misunderstood and misrepresented. It’s time to set the record straight and separate fact from fiction.

Myth #1: Menstruation is Dirty

Probably the most pervasive myths about periods is that they are unclean and dirty. The idea that menstruation is impure can be traced back to ancient cultural and religious beliefs.^[6] In many cultures, menstruating individuals have been isolated or excluded from certain activities under the notion that they are contaminated and will bring bad luck.^[6]

Menstruation is not dirty. As mentioned previously, the process is a natural bodily function, similar to sweating or urination. Period blood is not toxic or harmful either. It is simply the body’s way of shedding its uterine lining, which is necessary in restoring its reproductive health.^[2] And in reality, proper hygiene practices, such as using menstrual products and regularly changing them are sufficient enough to maintain cleanliness during one’s cycle.

Myth #2: Women Should Avoid Physical Activity During Their Periods

Many believe that women should avoid exercise or physical activity while menstruating, thinking that physical exercise could worsen menstrual symptoms and cause harm. However, in reality, moderate exercise can actually alleviate symptoms such as cramps, bloating, and mood swings by increasing blood flow and releasing endorphins (i.e. the body’s painkillers).^[5]So while it’s important to listen to one’s body and not overdo it, regular physical activity can actually be beneficial during menstruation and often prove to be more advantageous than not.

Myth #3: You Can’t Get Pregnant During Your Period

Another common myth is that women cannot conceive while on their period. While the chances of getting pregnant during menstruation are lower, it is still possible, particularly for women with shorter menstrual cycles.^[8] Sperm can live inside the female body for up to five days, and if a woman ovulates soon after her period, conception can occur.^[7] Therefore, contraception should still be used if pregnancy is not desired.

Myth #4: Menstrual Blood is Different from Regular Blood

No, menstrual blood is not different from regular blood. Rather, menstrual blood is the same as regular blood, with some added components. It contains the same elements as the blood that circulates through the body—red and white blood cells, and plasma.^[1] However, menstrual blood also includes endometrial tissue and cervical mucus, which gives it a thicker consistency and can sometimes cause it to appear darker or have clots.^[4]

Myth #5: Tampons Can Get Lost Inside You

There is a common fear that tampons can get lost inside the body, causing many to be reluctant to use tampons. However, the reality is quite different.

Tampons are designed with a string attached to the end precisely to prevent them from getting lost. The cervix, which is the opening to the uterus,^[3] is too small for a tampon to pass through. The cervix ensures that tampons stay in the vaginal canal and do not enter the uterus or other parts of the body.

Conclusion

It’s about time we normalize conversations about menstruation and educate society about its importance. They are a normal and essential part of life for many people, and they deserve to be discussed openly and without shame. Period.

References:

[1] American Society of Hematology. (2020). Blood basics. American Society of Hematology. https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-basics

[2] Better Health Channel. (2024). Menstrual cycle. State Government of Victoria, Australia. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstrual-cycle

[3] Canadian Cancer Society. (2021). The cervix. Canadian Cancer Society. https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/cervical/what-is-cervical-cancer/the-cervix

[4] Clue. (2016). Blood clots during your period: What are they? Clue. https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/blood-clots-during-your-period-what-are-they

[5] Holland, K. (2019, May 15). Exercise during your period: Is it good or bad? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/exercise-during-period

[6] Khan, S., Ali, S. A., Siddiqui, M. F., Shinwari, Z. K., & Afzal, B. (2019). Estimation of healthcare waste generation in different hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7732-4

[7] MedlinePlus. (2015). Sperm survival. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007015.htm

[8] National Institutes of Health. (2020). Misinformation During a Pandemic. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10008511/

[9] Zerbo, O., Bell, G., Lee, H. C., Mangurian, C., & Crown, L. A. (2023). Maternal mental health conditions during and after pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05770-8

Diversity Drives Democracy: Women in Politics

Posted on | by

Diversity Drives Democracy: Women in Politics

Yashaswini Repaka

June 2024

The current state of women in politics is an important issue that continues to evolve through generations. While we have come a long way from gaining the right to vote, much must be done to achieve gender equality in democracy. The number of women holding political office has increased in many countries over time. However, significant disparities regarding access to power and decision-making roles are still barricades in the political careers of many aspiring women.

In addition, representing women in politics is important for many reasons. Women’s unique perspectives and experiences can be considered when forming policies and making decisions. This can lead to more equitable and inclusive governance that better reflects the needs and interests of the entire population. Having more women in government can inspire future generations of women leaders, encouraging greater diversity and gender equality in leadership positions.

History and Women

Throughout history, many prominent figures and movements have fought for gender equality in democracy. For example, The Women’s Suffrage movement was influenced by the publication of the Declaration of Independence: “Although the Declaration of Independence specifies that ‘all men are created equal,’ its publication sowed the seeds the seeds for the women’s suffrage movement in the United States”^[4]. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, denied participation in an 1840 conference in London due to being female, were inspired to work together by this rebuff.

In 1916, Jeanette Rankin was the first woman elected to Congress, representing Montana. Rankin “helped destroy negative public attitudes about women as members of Congress”^[1]. Agreeing with a colleague’s famous comment, “I’m no lady. I’m a member of Congress,” Rankin displayed tenacity and individuality, aiding her in improving societal views on the political standards of women.

Barriers to Entry

According to the Pew Research Center, “More than four-in-ten point to gender discrimination (47%), women getting less support from party leaders (47%), many Americans not being ready

to elect a woman to higher office (46%), and family responsibilities (44%) as major obstacles for women in politics” ^[2]. The population of women who participate in the political field is low due to how society is conservative about a woman’s place because more obstacles than a lack of interest prevent many from advancing in the field.

Throughout history, many have adjusted to the societal norms that separate the two genders. Centuries ago, women were given the title of homemaker, meaning they were expected to take care of household chores and raise children. Women were also required to display a distinct elegance, often interpreted as timid or weak for many generations. It was in the 20th century that there came big changes in societal expectations for women. However, there are still some glass ceilings we as a generation are still fighting to overcome. Politics has been inversely characterized as rough and argumentative, and those who continue to hold conservative beliefs maintain women’s involvement as inappropriate and even unnatural.

Women in politics face numerous societal, cultural, and institutional barriers. For example, the lack of support and encouragement for women to pursue political careers is scarily low. According to the Pew Research Center, “About a third (34%) say women aren’t encouraged to be leaders from an early age and 23% say not as many women are interested in holding higher office”^[2]. In addition, some discriminatory laws and policies disadvantage women in the political arena. In only 67 out of 173 countries, there are laws in place that are against gender discrimination in hiring practices^[6], which probably includes the political field. These barriers contribute to the persistent gender gap in political representation and influence, and addressing them is crucial for achieving gender equality in politics.

Ultimately, embracing diversity in political leadership leads to more inclusive policies and better reflects the needs of society as a whole. Through politics, women can feel empowered and gain further support for gender equality. Actively working towards breaking down barriers that prevent women from fully participating in political decision-making, and providing insight and advice on the political field to aspiring woman politicians, can aid in creating a more equitable and representative political landscape.

References:

[1] Jeannette Rankin. U.S. Senate: Jeannette Rankin. (2023, August 7). https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/electing-appointing-senators/jeannette-rankin senate-campaign.htm#:~:text=No%20history%20of%20American%20representative,singular%2 0event%20occurred%20in%201916.

[2]Pew Research Center. (2023, September 25). More than half of Americans point to women having to do more to prove themselves as a major obstacle for women seeking high political office. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/09/27/views-of-obstacles-for-women-seeking-hi gh-political-office/st_2023-09-27_women-leaders-politics_2-01-png/

[3]U.S. EMBASSY IN GEORGIA. (n.d.). https://ge.usembassy.gov/women-in-politics-a-timeline

[4]Voting rights for women: The right to vote: Elections: Classroom materials at the Library of Congress: Library of Congress. The Library of Congress. (n.d.). https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/right-to-vote/voting-rights-for-women/

[5]Why women? – representwomen. (n.d.). https://www.representwomen.org/why_women

[6]Women, U. (n.d.). Women in the changing world of work – Facts you should know. https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/infographic/changingworldofwork/en/index.html

Nourishing the Journey: The Vital Role of Good Nutrition During Pregnancy

Posted on | by

Nourishing the Journey: The Vital Role of Good Nutrition During Pregnancy

Pooja Bhavsar

June 2024

Pregnancy is a transformative period in a woman’s life. The excitement that comes with the journey is unparalleled, an astonishing experience for everyone involved. In the miscellany of all of these emotions, good nutrition can easily be overlooked. It has recently been discovered the vitality of good nutrition during this time and how a lack of nourishment can undermine the health of the baby.

In some underprivileged countries, women’s diets are lacking in main food groups, like dairy and legumes. Since the pandemic, malnutrition in adolescent girls and women has skyrocketed by twenty-five percent, from 5.5 million to 6.9 million.^[1]Malnutrition has severe effects when only one individual is dependent on the body’s nourishment. When two are reliant, the response can be detrimental. Malnutrition can lead to an increased risk in neonatal death, which is defined by the death of a live-born infant within the first 28 completed days of life.^[1] It can also impair fetal development with lifelong consequences for children’s nutrition and growth.^[1]However, these are just the effects on the baby. The effects on the mother are just as dangerous.

Vitamins are key in any diet. From iron to calcium, these nutrients are building blocks for exceptional health. Poor diet during pregnancy is represented with reduced levels of necessary vitamins, like iodine, iron, folate, calcium and zinc.^[2] This can often lead to anemia, preeclampsia, hypertension and more.^[2] Disease is a less harsh repercussion of this loss. Malnourishment leads to double the chances of maternal mortality.^[2] There are many elements when thinking about malnutrition in pregnant women like a lack of resources, prior health detriments and furthermore. These factors are out of one’s control and are not at all the fault of the mother . There are few and far between programs to help mothers sustain themselves and to aid with good maternal nutrition. It is vital for the health of children and women globally that there are more of these programs instituted as the malnourishment crisis continues to grow.

We see the harms of malnutrition. But what can a good diet do for mothers and their babies? A well-balanced diet, rich in legumes, proteins, grains and healthy fats aid the immune system and reduce inflammation.^[4] Physiological changes and stressors can be a lot for women to bear during pregnancy, however this benefit makes it easier for them to cope with the adaptations. It also helps regulate blood glucose, weight fluctuations etc.^[4] Good nutrition can aid a pregnancy tremendously, making the process easier and less stressful for mothers.

Maintaining good nutrition during pregnancy has a few requirements. Eating nutrient-dense foods, smaller meals, staying hydrated and limiting processed food can ensure mothers getting the key nutrients to keep them and their babies healthy.^[3] If available, consulting with a healthcare provider or dietician is always a beneficial way of ensuring that your diet is in check.

By eating healthily, pregnant women can enhance the health of themselves and their children. Empowering expectant mothers with the knowledge and resources to make informed dietary choices goes hand in hand in promoting positive birth outcomes and ensuring a healthy start for both mother and baby.

References

[1] Malnutrition in mothers soars by 25 per cent in crisis-hit countries, putting women and newborn babies at risk. UNICEF. (n.d.). https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/malnutrition-mothers-soars-25-cent-crisis-hit-countries-putting-women-and-newborn

[2] Marshall, N. E., Abrams, B., Barbour, L. A., Catalano, P., Christian, P., Friedman, J. E., Hay, W. W., Hernandez, T. L., Krebs, N. F., Oken, E., Purnell, J. Q., Roberts, J. M., Soltani, H., Wallace, J., & Thornburg, K. L. (2022, May). The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: Lifelong consequences. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182711/

[3] Nutrition during pregnancy. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2019, November 19). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/nutrition-during-pregnancy [4] Shenoy, S., Sharma, P., Rao, A., Aparna, N., Adenikinju, D., Iloegbu, C., Pateña, J., Vieira, D., Gyamfi, J., & Peprah, E. (2023, October 25). Evidence-based interventions to reduce maternal malnutrition in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Frontiers in health services. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10634505/#:~:text=Shockingly%2C%20malnourished%20women%20face%20a,in%202020%20occurred%20within%20LMICs.

Enlightening the Complexity of Maternal Mortality

Posted on | by

Enlightening the Complexity of Maternal Mortality

Isha Gupta
April 2024

About every two minutes, a maternal death occurred in the year 2020, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).^[5]Maternal mortality is a critical global health issue that takes away numerous women’s lives around the world. Data from 2020 reveals that around 95% of all maternal deaths happened in low and lower-middle-income countries, most of which could have been prevented.^[5]Since maternal mortality causes so many deaths worldwide, it is important to unravel the intricacies and be aware of diverse outcomes, factors, and prevention strategies that can influence maternal mortality and save women’s lives.

Maternal mortality is an essential concern to be aware of not only because it takes away so many women’s lives, but it can also directly affect the life course of infants born to mothers who have passed away during and after childbirth. For instance, the infants may not be able to be breastfed and receive the health benefits of breastfeeding as well as lack a maternal figure in their lives. Moreover, the death of a woman during pregnancy or childbirth can drastically affect the lives of her other loved ones. For example, research has found that among previous children of mothers who have died during or after the subsequent pregnancy, their mental health and emotional well-being can be significantly impacted. This, in turn, can also make it more difficult for them to concentrate on academics,^[6]especially when they mourn and grieve the loss of their mother. By the same token, some men who have lost their wives to maternal mortality can be at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder.^[6]Maternal death can also bring up concerns about additional child caregiving responsibilities and financial worries^[6]among men whose wives have passed away during pregnancy or childbirth. Therefore, along with posing a threat to women’s lives, maternal mortality can affect men and children to some degree, which is why it is such an important global health concern.

Throughout pregnancy and childbirth, several complications can arise, some of which can lead to maternal mortality. The most common complications leading to maternal mortality include severe bleeding, infections, high blood pressure, and complications from delivery, as well as unsafe abortions.^[5]In order to effectively mitigate such complications as well as other biological and physical health factors leading to maternal mortality, proper medical facilities with trained healthcare workers, medical supplies, access to pharmaceutical drugs, and sanitary services are essential. Women’s lives can also be saved by addressing complications in a time-efficient manner. For example, although a woman experiencing severe bleeding after childbirth can die within hours, medical professionals can help reduce the risk by immediately administering oxytocics after childbirth.^[5]Moreover, the WHO suggests that maternal deaths linked to unsafe abortion can be reduced by providing access to safe abortion services and post-abortion care. Additionally, ensuring access to contraception can help address maternal mortality, by preventing unintended pregnancies.^[5]Furthermore, women who are pregnant^[4]or planning on becoming pregnant^[2]should maintain healthy lifestyles and regularly monitor their health and wellness. Women should be encouraged to continue positive health behaviors, such as eating nutritious food, and eliminate behaviors that can pose a threat to their or their infant’s life, such as substance use.^[2]

Maternal mortality can be complex especially since along with the biological and physical health aspects that can lead to it, numerous and diverse socio-cultural factors can influence it. For instance, in societies where women are considered inferior to men, women’s dietary needs are often ignored. Interestingly, in some cultures, traditionally, the women in a family are able to start eating only after the men and children in the family have finished their meals, as opposed to all members of the family eating together at the same time. Some women cannot access adequate and nutritious food, which is necessary during pregnancy and after childbirth to safeguard their health and prevent complications.^[3]Additionally, exposure to stress and traumatic experiences, including violence, can affect maternal health and well-being. For example, research has shown that intimate partner violence can significantly increase the risk of maternal mortality, especially since it can increase the risk of developing complications such as preterm labor.^[1]Furthermore, since pregnancy and childbirth are so common and natural, women often get ignored or dismissed when they share concerns about them. Research found that especially in societies where pregnant women lack autonomy and mobility, their in-laws decide whether it is worth seeking healthcare, based on components such as the perceived severity of concern, the nature of the threat, and healthcare cost. Many families doubt why they should spend a lot of money on medical facilities when women have given birth in their own homes throughout generations.^[3]As a result, oftentimes, pregnant women are brought to medical facilities when it is too late and they are nearing death due to complications.^[3]

Although pregnancy and childbirth are natural processes that countless women have undergone throughout history for the creation of new lives, it is important to be aware of the diverse factors surrounding maternal mortality and continue advocating for maternal health. Researchers acknowledge that governmental efforts have been made to help provide access to healthcare and basic needs including food, as well as advocating for women’s education and economic empowerment. Nonetheless, awareness^[3]of maternal health should be further raised to promote health literacy and prevent adverse outcomes associated with delays in seeking medical care and complications. Awareness of maternal health should be spread in comprehensive ways and include essential information about the significance of nutritious food, the importance of seeking timely medical care, and effectively caring for women before and after childbirth. The WHO also recognizes the importance of remembering that the health of a pregnant woman directly affects the health and life of both her and her newborn.^[5]Therefore, pregnant women as well as women in the postpartum period should be attentively and responsibly monitored, supported, cared for, and empowered.

References

[1] Agarwal, S., Prasad, R., Mantri, S., Chandrakar, R., Gupta, S., Babhulkar, V., Srivastav, S., Jaiswal, A., & Wanjari, M. B. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Its Adverse Effects on Maternal and Fetal Health. Cureus, 15(5), e39262. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39262

[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, April 26). Preventing Pregnancy-Related Deaths. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternal-mortality/preventing-pregnancy-related-deaths .html#:~:text=Many%20factors%20influence%20pregnancy-related,health%20problems%20bef ore%20getting%20pregnant.

[3] Omer, S., Zakar, R., Zakar, M. Z., & Fischer, F. (2021, May 18). The influence of social and cultural practices on maternal mortality: a qualitative study from South Punjab, Pakistan. BioMed Central. https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-021-01151-6

[4] Stickler, T. (2020, July 9). Maintaining a Healthy Pregnancy. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/healthy-pregnancy

[5] World Health Organization. (2023, February 22). Maternal mortality. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality

[6] Zhou, H., Zhang, L., Ye, F., Wang, H. J., Huntington, D., Huang, Y., Wang, A., Liu, S., & Wang, Y. (2016). The Effect of Maternal Death on the Health of the Husband and Children in a Rural Area of China: A Prospective Cohort Study. PloS one, 11(6), e0157122. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157122

From the Eyes of a Women

Posted on | by

From the Eyes of a Women

Tanvir Bhamra
April 2024

A woman may just be on her way to work, but with each step she takes she navigates through a minefield of double standards. This woman and countless others go through similar experiences of these ridiculous expectations and treatment compared to their male counterparts, as if they’re walking on eggshells. Double standards are far from unknown, and women have protested against them repeatedly; however, many do not know that they are still present.

The gender pay gap started back around the 1800s when it was finally common for women to work; the University of Missouri states in 1840-1841, men were paid $33.81 per month while women were paid 21 dollars less.^[2] This only devalues the time and effort women now put in, as it shows how they are not appreciated with the jarring contrast in wages. Unfortunately, this still continues now, multiple studies have shown that women are paid only 84% of what men are paid, and this is also dependent on their race with Black and Hispanic women getting paid less than men of the same race.^[3]

While walking the streets, women find themselves being cautious to avoid the degrading experience of catcalling, where a stranger makes inappropriate or suggestive comments about their appearance. Despite it being a clear form of harassment, women are expected to tolerate such behavior and are mocked for speaking out against it. The normalization of this not only violates a woman’s dignity but also contributes to other women’s feelings of discomfort and fear.

These double standards also exist in parenting, beginning with the expectation that women should stay at home with the kids. Meanwhile, fathers pay no attention. These ideas continue to influence present-day norms for the division of domestic labor. While mothers have the majority of childcare responsibilities, fathers are praised for performing even the most basic tasks. To add on, when fathers take care of their kids, others will call it “babysitting.” This can be infuriating for both parents as the father is just carrying out his responsibilities while everyone expects the mother to go above and beyond with childcare, sometimes ridiculing her if she gets “lazy.” This only places a burden on women and hinders the importance of fatherhood.^[1]

Besides the expectations of parents, double standards even affect how parents treat their children; it is often shown that fathers are way more protective and strict with their daughters, giving them early curfews, forbidding them from dating, monitoring the clothes they wear, and more. Even my father brings up the idea of me having children in the future, even though I’m not fond of kids. I notice that these comments are not directed at my brother, only mentioning that he’ll find a nice woman in the future. Fortunately, my father is not as strict with me on other matters, like curfews and diet, but he certainly treats me differently from my brother, though this is affected by age as well.

In the midst of all of this, women feel pressured to fit into unrealistic beauty standards. For instance, having a shaved body has been very normalized in women. Many times in public I’ve made sure my underarm hair wasn’t showing in fear of dirty looks and judgment, a concern not present in the minds of men. Additionally, women face criticism and harsh comments for exhibiting characteristics considered to be “manly” such as having body hair or a smaller chest. A study from the National Library of Medicine says, “The results indicate that men devalue non-ideal bodies and upvalue ideal bodies when they are self-related, whereas women rate in a fair-minded manner. Thus, in contrast to women, an advantage for men may be that they can self-enhance in the case of desirable bodies.”^[4] In simpler terms, this talks about how men tend to devalue bodies that don’t match their ideal standards to boost their confidence; on the other hand, women judge bodies overall regardless of whether they match; possibly because of the many beauty standards pushed onto them.

Noticing these situations in my day-to-day life has proven that these double standards have never disappeared and have been integrated into our culture and minds such that many don’t notice. In fact, women now hold men to high standards of being their partners, some more reasonable than others such as simply treating them with respect since it’s not shown as often. Either way, we need an environment where all individuals, regardless of gender, can thrive and flourish, and release ourselves from double standards.

References

[1] Ciletti, N. (2024, April 3). Gendered Double Standards In Parenting: Five Strategies To Help Promote Fairness. BetterHelp. Retrieved April 29, 2024, from https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/parenting/gendered-double-standards-in-parenting-5-strategies-to-help-promote-fairness/

[2] 1840-1849 – Prices and Wages by Decade. (2024, April 4). Library Guides. Retrieved April 12, 2024, from https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1840-1849

[3] George, E., & Livingston, G. (2024, March 12). What You Need to Know About the Gender Wage Gap. DOL Blog. Retrieved April 7, 2024, from https://blog.dol.gov/2024/03/12/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-gender-wage-gap

[4] Giving a Body a Different Face—How Men and Women Evaluate Their Own Body vs. That of Others. (2022, May 2). NCBI. Retrieved April 7, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9108869/