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Understanding and Overcoming the Tendency to Take Things Personally 

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Understanding and Overcoming the Tendency to Take Things Personally 

Paz Etcheverry, MS, PhD
July 2024

Taking things personally is an irrational thought pattern that assumes people’s behaviors, words, and actions are targeted at you. It involves blaming yourself and believing that events around you are your fault or responsibility. 

For example, imagine driving on a Tuesday morning and the driver behind you unexpectedly honks. Your mind might jump to, “She thinks I’m a horrible driver,” followed by, “But I am a good driver. She’s just a jerk!” In reality, her honking might have nothing to do with your driving skills. She might have accidentally honked after spilling her hot coffee, or could be in a hurry to reach the emergency room because of a distressed toddler with a broken arm in the back seat. 

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At the supermarket checkout, you hear the cashier grunt audibly as you approach with a cart full of food and water bottles. Your brain might think, “I’m bothering him with all these items. He thinks I’m annoying.” In truth, the cashier might be suffering from back pain, struggling with personal issues, or having a tough day at work. 

People have many reasons for their actions, and often, these reasons are unrelated to you. 

Taking things personally is a cognitive distortion. Cognitive distortions are negatively biased errors in thinking that can lead to depression. They represent an inaccurate perception of the world, a distorted lens through which we view it.[3] Cognitive distortions were first introduced in 1979 by researchers Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery and later expanded by Burns in 1980.[2] 

Taking things personally represents a poor understanding of boundaries. When it comes to interpersonal relationships, establishing and maintaining boundaries helps distinguish where the other person ends and you begin.[1]When personalizing behaviors or actions of others, you are showing that your boundaries are lacking or blurred because you assume that their behavior and actions are a projection of you, as opposed to their own struggles, limitations, and character. It is essential to separate people’s issues from your own. 

Taking things personally suggests that one does not understand the concept of the Circle of Control. First introduced by Stephen R. Covey in his book, “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People”, the Circle of Control is a graphical representation of what we can and cannot control. Within your circle of things you can control, you have your actions, how you spend your spare time, your values and goals, your beliefs, how you treat others, and your thoughts. Outside your circle are things beyond your control, such as the past and the future, other people’s beliefs, the weather, others’ opinions, and reactions to your boundaries. Understanding this helps you let go of things outside your control and realize they are not your responsibility. 

However, sometimes the actions and words of others are, in fact, about you. If you betrayed your best friend, and she refuses to talk to you, then you should definitely take things personally. You should ask for forgiveness and work on becoming a better person who is kind, compassionate, loyal, and humble. But what if the new co-worker is dismissive and cold towards you, even though you have done nothing to warrant such behavior? Even in this case, you should not internalize their actions, as their behaviors are not a reflection of your worth, but of their emotional unavailability, fears, and struggles. 

To avoid taking things personally, consider challenging your negative thoughts with the following questions: 

  • When I conclude that the driver behind me thinks I’m a horrible driver or that the cashier finds me annoying, is there truth in my thoughts? Are they based on facts? Can I categorically prove my conclusions? 
  • Are there other possible explanations for people’s actions and behaviors?
  • Are their actions or behaviors in direct response to something I said or did?
  • Do I recognize that many things, like people’s behaviors, words, and actions, fall outside my control? 

In “The Four Agreements” by Don Miguel Ruiz, the author reminds us… 

“Whatever happens around you, don’t take it personally. Nothing other people do is because of you. It is because of themselves. All people live in their own dream, in their own mind; they are in a completely different world from the one we live in. When we take something personally, we make the assumption that they know what is in our world, and we try to impose our world on their world. 

Even when a situation seems so personal, even if others insult you directly, it has nothing to do with you. What they say, what they do, and the opinions they give are according to the agreements they have in their own minds. Taking things personally makes you easy prey for these predators, the black magicians. They can hook you easily with one little opinion and feed you whatever poison they want, and because you take it personally, you eat it up.” 

In conclusion, taking things personally is a cognitive distortion that skews our perception of reality and often leads to unnecessary emotional distress. By understanding that others’ actions and reactions are often driven by their own circumstances and challenges, we can learn to separate our self-worth from external factors beyond our control. Embracing the concept of boundaries and the Circle of Control allows us to focus on what we can change—our thoughts, actions, and responses—while letting go of what we cannot. By not taking things personally, you foster healthier relationships and good mental health, you become less reactive and more resilient, and you begin to feel a sense of inner peace. 

References 

[1] Peterson, E., & Solomon, D. (1998). Maintaining healthy boundaries in professional relationships: a balancing act. Home Care Provider, 3(6), 314–318. 

[2] Rnic, K., Dozois, D. J., & Martin, R. A. (2016). Cognitive distortions, humor styles, and depression. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1118

[3] Wang, B., Zhao, Y., Lu, X., & Qin, B. (2023). Cognitive distortion based explainable depression detection and analysis technologies for the adolescent internet users on social media. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1045777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045777

The Most Underrated Woman Scientist in Germany: The Legacy of Maria Goeppert Mayer

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The Most Underrated Woman Scientist in Germany: The Legacy of Maria Goeppert Mayer

Unnati Shekhar
July 2024

Max Planck and Albert Einstein are two of the most prominent names in the pantheon of German great scientists. But Maria Goeppert Mayer is a name that ought to be far more well-known. Mayer was a theoretical physicist who won a Nobel Prize for her innovative work, yet women’s contributions to science are sometimes overlooked in favour of their male peers. Nonetheless, her contributions to the nuclear shell model have had a significant influence on our comprehension of nuclear physics and atomic structure.

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On June 28, 1906, Maria Goeppert Mayer was born in Kattowitz, which was then a part of Germany (now Katowice, Poland). Her father was a pediatrics professor, so she grew up surrounded by academics and had a strong regard for learning early on. Maria’s early affinity for science and maths led her to study physics at the University of Göttingen, where she was taught by Nobel laureate Max Born to finish her Ph.D.

Goeppert Mayer had several challenges because of her gender, even though she was clearly talented and passionate. It was quite uncommon for women to have academic positions in the sciences at that time. She relocated to the US after marrying American scientist Joseph Mayer, but despite her credentials, she had trouble getting hired as a salaried scholar. She spent several years teaching part-time or as a volunteer at a number of universities, including Columbia and Johns Hopkins.

The most important contributions to physics were made by Goeppert Mayer while she was an unpaid employee at the University of Chicago. She created the nuclear shell model in 1948, which clarifies why specific nucleon counts—the protons and neutrons that make up an atomic nucleus—lead to especially stable configurations. The idea of “magic numbers,” or particular numbers of nucleons that form whole shells within the nucleus and contribute to atomic stability, was first proposed by this model. Her study was a significant advancement in the field of nuclear physics and offered a clear explanation for the patterns in nuclear stability that had been discovered.

At first, Goeppert Mayer’s theory was viewed with suspicion. The notion that nucleons may form shells akin to atoms’ electron shells was groundbreaking and contradicted accepted nuclear models. Nonetheless, the scientific world quickly came to accept her predictions due to their accuracy. She shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics with J. Hans D. Jensen, who had created a comparable model on his own. She became the second woman, after Marie Curie, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics as a result of this acknowledgment.

Even with her impressive accomplishments, Maria Goeppert Mayer’s impact is not widely recognized by the general public. There are multiple factors that contribute to this lack of clarity. Initially, her contributions to theoretical physics are groundbreaking, but they are intricate and not as easily understandable to the general public as the work of other scientists from the same time period. Also, the gender prejudices during that era frequently led to her successes being minimized or credited to her male peers. In addition, Goeppert Mayer had a humble and understated demeanor, and she did not actively pursue attention, opting instead to allow her research to shine on its own. This modesty, though commendable, also added to her lack of recognition in a field where promoting oneself can boost one’s reputation.

Recently, there has been an increasing effort to acknowledge the impact of women in the field of science, with Maria Goeppert Mayer’s narrative being emphasized more as a testament to determination and intelligence despite facing challenges. Her legacy proves that genuine scientific brilliance is not limited by gender and that women scientists’ contributions should be acknowledged equally.By exploring and honoring the achievements of trailblazers such as Maria Goeppert Mayer, we not only pay tribute to their legacy but also motivate upcoming scientists, regardless of gender, to follow their dreams with determination and perseverance.

The life and work of Maria Goeppert Mayer serve as a reminder that the journey to scientific breakthroughs is frequently difficult, yet it is these obstacles that enhance the significance of the achievements. She serves as a source of motivation, not only for females in the science field, but also for individuals willing to challenge the limits of human understanding.

References

Femmes scientifiques #13 – Maria Goeppert-Mayer. (2016, May 20). L’Esprit Sorcier. https://lespritsorcier.org/blogs-membres/femmes-scientifiques-13-maria-goeppert-mayer/


Maria Goeppert Mayer – Argonne’s Nobel Laureate | Argonne National Laboratory. (n.d.). Www.anl.gov. https://www.anl.gov/phy/maria-goeppert-mayer-argonnes-nobel-laureate

Factors Leading To Depression In Women

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Factors Leading To Depression In Women

Veda Choksi
August 2024

Depression has become an extremely common health condition over the years for everyone in America. This includes teens and adults of every gender, however, it is more significant among women. Women are twice as likely to get depression than men. Why is that? A major role causing women to face depression is hormones. Women experience a great deal of hormonal imbalance throughout their lives. 

Changes During Puberty 

[2] When a woman hits puberty she experiences many hormonal changes that lead to changes in the way her body looks. The fast changes can end up causing her to have self-image issues such as body dysmorphia or eating disorders. Puberty can also cause acne or skin issues which tend to affect women’s self-esteem negatively. The hormonal imbalances during the monthly menstrual cycle may also interfere with their mood causing them to have bad relationships with the people around them. All these changes tend to stress out females. 

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Stress During Pregnancy 

Pregnancy complications are very common because of unhealthy lifestyles. Any sort of complication tends to stress out women as they have to get treatment for certain issues they have. Situations like these end up affecting people extremely unfavorably. [3] During pregnancy, hormonal imbalance is very normal, causing their mood to be negative at times. In addition, unwanted pregnancies are extremely common, resulting in family issues and anxiety about the future. Pregnancy can come with a lot of worriesespecially when a woman does not have the right resources or a good support system. 

Postpartum Depression 

After pregnancy, a woman enters a completely different period of her life. Some women are under pressure to balance their work life and their family, while some women are forced to give up work and this further adds stress. [3] After pregnancy, women also have sleep issues. Sleep is a very important factor for mental health and seven to nine hours are required. 

Menopause 

Menopause comes with negative symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, irregular periods, anxiety, irritability, stress, and moodiness. Changes in mood and behavior affects surrounding relations, uncooperatively causing more stress. [2] Anxiety, stress, and lack of sleep can result in depression and other mental health issues. 

Physiological Basis

Women are usually more ruminative compared to men, meaning they tend to overthink. [1] Even though this can be a great thing, this may make them prone to depression. Men usually react by expressing anger rather than keeping it in their heads. Women tend to be more invested in their relationships which leads to stronger emotions that do not end up being released.

Sexism!

[2] Women still face sexism in this day and age, usually from family members or even workspaces. Growing up in restrictive and traumatic households can result in depression over time. Women also tend to face discrimination from their families for working. Conversely, some women face discrimination for deciding not to work. 

Recognizing Depression and Seeking Help

Symptoms of depression include: 

  • Consistent sadness, anxiety, or negative mood
  • Loss of interest or pleasure 
  • Sleep issues such as insomnia 
  • Tiredness and low energy 
  • Irregular appetite and weight gain or loss
  • Trouble focusing 
  • Frequent negative thoughts 
  • Unexplained physical pain

People who have prominent symptoms of depression to the point where they affect their daily lives should seek help. To seek help, you can first see your family doctor who can help you get further help such as therapy and medications as required. If you have suicidal thoughts and think you might hurt yourself call your local emergency number immediately or contact your local suicide hotline.

References

[1] Burton, N. (2024, June 23). The 7 Reasons Why Depression is More Common in Women. Psychology Today.

[2] Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes. (2022, October 14). Mayo Clinic. [3] Schimelpfening, N. (2024, April 1). Why Depression Is More Common in Women Than in Men. Verywell Mind.

Inside the Dangerous Recesses of the “Perfect Victim” Trope 

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Inside the Dangerous Recesses of the “Perfect Victim” Trope 

Lisa Samy

August 2024

Perfect victims don’t exist. However, society parrots the idea that women who experience sexual assault must adhere to a certain moral purity to be acknowledged for their trauma.[2] This is called the “Perfect Victim” trope.[2] 

According to Dr. Jason B. Whiting, the perfect victim is someone who is “weak and vulnerable and involved in a respectable activity at the time of victimization.[2]” In all aspects, they are able to gain “the most sympathy and support from society.”[2] 

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Here is a story to put it into perspective. There is a woman named Melissa. She’s young, cisgender, supposedly heterosexual, and white. When she is sexually assaulted, she is not drunk, wearing revealing clothing, or flaunting her sexuality. She is believed and heralded as a tragic, sympathetic figure, both by the public and police force alike. 

What happens to women who don’t fit the mold of Melissa’s narrative? People see their stories through a doubtful lens. Repeat phrases like “there’s two sides to every story” or “gray area,” serving to bolster the narrative of the perpetrator.[2] Continue to question, doubt, and ultimately, siphon away any empathy they have for them.[3] 

Those Who Don’t Fit The Physical Picture 

Author and social activist Bri Lee notes that along with women of color, it’s often “women for whom English was a second language, who have either intellectual or physical disabilities, very young women and very old women” who are victims of sexual assault.[1] 

The numbers don’t lie either. A recent Trades Congress Report highlighted that 54% of black women reported sexual harassment at work, compared to 34% of white women.[4] The Aged Royal Commission reports that up to 50% of sexual crimes happen in nursing homes on a weekly basis.[1] Women with intellectual disabilities are 50-90% more likely to be the targets of sexual assault.[1] 

It’s not that cisgender white women’s voices don’t deserve to be heard; however, their stories are prioritized at the expense of those belonging to other marginalized groups. When have black women—historically stereotyped as unfeminine, aggressive, and hypersexual—ever been commonly believed? Would a senior citizen living in a retirement home have a higher chance of the authorities taking her report seriously, or them writing her off as a demented dotard? Obviously the second option, because society has placed the validity and worth of victims on a scale determined by their extrinsic identities. 

If your story isn’t clear, isn’t convenient, it’s less likely to matter. 

Those Who Don’t Fit the Personality Picture 

No imperfect victim is the same. Some are hot-headed, unlikeable, and while grappling with their trauma, inadvertently push others away, their relationships (platonic or romantic) ending as collateral damage.[5] Others are anxious, self-deprecating, and drown their words in apology-habitual behavior, thereby dissolving their credibility to others. But to be perfect, victims must not show their trauma in such ugly ways.[5] They need to control their fears, and if they wish to share their stories, they must do it for the sake of other victims. 

Emily Withnall, domestic abuse survivor and writer, says “I do not meet societal criteria for being a perfect victim. I am a lesbian, for one. I’m also hard headed, prone to argument, and write freely about personal topics that make people uncomfortable. But I refuse to contain the stories of my abuse.”[5] 

When these personalities are shamed, victims become susceptible to self-doubt. . Destructive thoughts such as “I brought this upon myself” and “I didn’t tell him, who would believe me?” take a front seat in driving their lives.[5] Thus directing them down the decaying road filled with other traumatized women whose personalities are “unpleasant.” There, they are abandoned, their stories left in the refuse and rubble. 

Those We Need to Include 

All victims deserve a seat at the table. Integrity should not be based on skin color, sexuality, gender, class, or perceived personality. If a woman fights back against her attacker, she’s not intrinsically an abuser too. If a woman was drunk at the time of the sexual assault, she did not bring it upon herself. If a woman wore a revealing outfit, she didn’t want her assault to happen. 

Let’s slow down, wait and listen. When we do, the intricacies of the stories will form on their own, without the “Perfect Victim” trope to write them for us. 

References

[1] Cocoran, Lucy. (2022). The Idea of the ‘Perfect Victim’ Is Hindering The Sexual Assault Movement, And It Needs To End. Elle. https://www.elle.com.au/culture/politics/perfect-victim-sexual-assault-dangers-26952/

[2] Dorn, Isabel. (2023). The myth of the perfect victim. The Lawrentian. https://www.lawrentian.com/archives/1023060

[3] Glory, Oviasuyi. (2023). Addressing the Myth of the Perfect Victim. Document Women. https://documentwomen.com/addressing-the-myth-of-the-perfect-victim 

[4] Machray, Kim. (2023). The Perfect Victim Myth. Empoword Journalism. https://www.empowordjournalism.com/all-articles/the-perfect-victim-myth/ 

[5] Withnall, Emily. (2024). The Myth of the Perfect Victim. The Plentitudes. https://www.theplentitudes.com/piece/The-Myth-of-the-Perfect-Victim

The Feminism Effect: How The Art Movement Underscores The Power of Women 

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The Feminism Effect: How The Art Movement Underscores The Power of Women 

Yashaswini Repaka 
August 2024

Art speaks volumes. It can encompass many aspects of our daily lives, and urge us to understand how powerful our emotions are through variation. Like the power of a simple brush stroke, feminism throughout modern works encompasses the power of representation, power dynamics, and the identity of the female community. Advocating for the empowerment of women and marginalized groups, feminist art brings together a vibrant community and unites women in girlhood. The feminist movement has significantly shaped contemporary art and continues to impact the art field today, empowering women in every aspect of life.

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Emerging in the late 1960’s and 70’s, the feminist art movement was a response to a predominantly male-centric art world. It sought to address issues of gender equality and challenge traditional notions of art. As once stated by female artist Suzanne Lacy, “…the goal of Feminist Art was to “influence cultural attitudes and transform stereotypes.”[1] 

Examples of more renowned female artists include Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro, spotlighted in the following:

Inspired by the women’s movement and rebelling against the male-dominated scene of their art world, many renowned paintings such as the Dinner Party [1979] which Chicago described as “a reinterpretation of The Last Supper from the point of view of women, who, throughout history, have prepared the meals and set the table” [4]. The Dinner Party celebrated the forgotten achievements of women throughout history. The main focus of the piece is a table with symbolic places for thirty-nine “guests of honor.” Each place setting describes each woman’s achievement. Incorporating elements of a social event with the status and appearance of a banquet, Chicago elevates her guests to the role of heroes, a traditionally male characteristic.

Another renowned piece by Schapiro, DollHouse [1972], which was intended to be a statement on the lives of women and the fact that “there is more to be discovered beyond the female stereotype and opportunities for her to choose to be sexual or glamorous” [5]. The Dollhouse describes how a woman is portrayed on the outside, but if someone got to know them a little better, or “opened the doors of the house”, they would understand her hobbies and personality. Especially in the 20th century, many societal norms looked down upon women making their own choices. So, just like the shutters in the house, it is demonstrated that women have the ability to close or open parts of their lives to other individuals.

Gender equality, racial justice, LGBTQ rights, and other social justice movements often intersect with feminist art. Many artists use their work to shed light on these issues, using their platforms to advocate for change and amplify marginalized voices. For example, American Gothic by Grant Wood reflects concerns about rural life and the rigidity of gender roles[6]. Harlem by Langston Hughes delves into the experience of African Americans in the early 20th century, addressing themes of race and class[2]. Brokeback Mountain directed by Ang Lee portrays a complex and poignant exploration of homosexuality, along with themes of love, identity, and societal expectations [3]. 

All in all, feminism has played a crucial role in reshaping the art world, challenging traditional norms, and amplifying the voices of women artists. From the feminist art movement of the 1960s and 1970s to the present day, the influence of feminism on art continues to be profound. The feminist art movement has inspired gender, identity, and power dynamics, ultimately enriching and diversifying the artistic landscape. Through these powerful works of art, women across the world feel empowered by the rich intricacies and powerful, emotional advocacy. All it took was a paint jar and a burning passion to represent. 

References: 

[1]Feminist art movement overview. The Art Story. (n.d.-a).  https://www.theartstory.org/movement/feminist-art/

[2]Hughes, L. (n.d.). Harlem by Langston Hughes. Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46548/harlem 

[3]IMDb.com. (2006, January 13). Brokeback Mountain. IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388795/ 

[4]Judy Chicago Art, bio, ideas. The Art Story. (n.d.-b). https://www.theartstory.org/artist/chicago-judy/ 

[5]Miriam Schapiro Art, bio, ideas. The Art Story. (n.d.-c). https://www.theartstory.org/artist/schapiro-miriam/ 

[6]The painting. American Gothic House Center. (n.d.). https://americangothichouse.org/american-gothic

Female Genital Mutilation: The Silent Crisis

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Female Genital Mutilation: The Silent Crisis

Pooja Bhavsar

August 2024

More than 230 million women alive today have undergone Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) [4]. Deep-rooted in gender inequalities and misogynistic ideologies, the practice is a significant violation of women’s right to health, privacy, and physical integrity. It involves any and all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons [4].  It has no health benefit for the women involved, but rather a cause for severe bleeding and problems urinating. These complications can later develop into cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths [4]. These procedures are practiced in 92 countries, 51 of which have laws specifically prohibiting FGM [2]. 

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FMG is split into four different classifications. Type 1 is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans [4]. Type 2 is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans as well as the labia minora [4]. Type 3 can also be known as infibulation. It is the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. This seal is created by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or labia majora, sometimes through stitching [4]. This can be done with or without removal of the clitoral hood and glans. The last classification is Type 4, which includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes like pricking, piercing and incising the genital area [4]. A procedure falling into any of these classifications can lead to debilitating health complications.

There are a variety of medical issues that can arise from FGM, ranging from immediate to long-term problems. The more invasive the FGM procedure, the more severe the repercussions. Some instantaneous ramifications include hemorrhaging, wound healing problems, shock, fever and in some cases, even death [4]. Longer-lasting consequences include increased risk of childbirth difficulties, psychological issues, keloid, urinary problems, menstruation problems etc [4]. These procedures are typically completed by healthcare providers, who know the dangerous aftermath of these procedures. So why do many of them continue to practice these procedures?

FGM takes place among indigenous and/or diaspora communities in numerous countries globally, typically performed on girls ages 0 to 15 [1]. Often in these communities, there is a cultural belief that FGM will ensure a girl’s proper upbringing, preserve family honor, and/or make a girl suitable for marriage [1]. This ultimately is centered around controlling the girl’s sexuality, and protecting her virginity to promote purity and marital fidelity. Individuals who belong to these communities are frequently faced with pressures from other community members, which can lead to coercion, perpetuating the practice further.

FGM has received opposition globally, with many organizations trying to bring an end to the invasive procedure. UNICEF and UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) have been working together since 2008, leading the world’s largest program to end FGM. The UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation, works with community members to raise awareness of FGM’s harms as well as works with governments for the development of policy against FGM [3]. For girls at risk and/or affected by FGM, UNICEF provides them with medical and psychological care. Since the establishment of the program, 13 countries have passed national legislation banning FGM [3]. More than 6 million girls and women have received prevention, protection, and treatment services related to FGM and 45 million people have made public declarations to abandon the practice [3].

FGM is a grevious threat to many girls and young women and its eradication is vital. By speaking up, enacting strong legal measures and raising awareness in communities, a future without this risk can become a reality.  Bringing an end to FGM is not just the ending of a destructive practice; it is the restoration of human rights.

References

[1] FBI. (2024, January 16). Female genital mutilation (FGM). FBI. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/international-human-rights-unit/female-genital-mutilation 

[2] FGM: A global picture. Equality Now. (2023, April 4).     https://equalitynow.org/fgm-a-global-picture/#:~:text=Of%20the%2092%20countries%20where,such%20as%20the%20criminal%20or 

[3] UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation. UNICEF. (2024, March 8). https://www.unicef.org/protection/unfpa-unicef-joint-programme-eliminating-fgm 

[4] What is female genital mutilation?. UNICEF. (n.d.). https://www.unicef.org/protection/female-genital-mutilation

Amenorrhea: How The Absence of Menstruation Can Be a Problem

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Amenorrhea: How The Absence of Menstruation Can Be a Problem

Gabriela Castro
May 2024

If you have a uterus, there’s a chance your period has not always come on a regular monthly basis. The chronic absence of a period can be indicative of a medical condition called amenorrhea. There are two types of amenorrhea–primary and secondary.[4] Primary amenorrhea refers to those with uteruses who have not had their first period (also known as “menarche”) by age 15.[3] Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of 3 or more consecutive periods by someone who has begun to menstruate previously.[3] 

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Symptoms

The central feature of amenorrhea is a lack of menstruation. Other symptoms associated with amenorrhea can vary in part due to its causes, including::

  • Milky nipple discharge[3]
  • Hair loss[3]
  • Headache[3]
  • Vision changes[3]
  • Excess facial hair[3]
  • Pelvic pain[3]
  • Acne[3]

Primary Amenorrhea Causes

  • Primary amenorrhea is caused primarily by hormonal imbalances and genetic abnormalities.[5] 
  • Having hypothalamic issues can prevent the onset of menstruation.[5] 
  • Issues with the pituitary gland such as pituitary tumors can inhibit menstruation.[5] 
  • Low body weight, excessive exercise, and eating disorders can cause stress which affects hormone production (particularly in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus leading to amenorrhea).[3]
  • Genetic abnormalities such as a lack of reproductive organs or a structural abnormality obstructing the vagina can block visible bleeding.[3] Chromosomal issues such as Turner syndrome–which is caused by a missing or partly missing X chromosome–or genetic disorders like androgen insensitivity syndrome–often characterized by high testosterone levels–may affect menstruation.[5]

Secondary Amenorrhea Causes

Secondary amenorrhea has a wider variety of causes. 

  • It can be brought on naturally through pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause.[5] This type of amenorrhea can be brought on by hormone imbalance in ways similar to primary amenorrhea. 
  • Hypothalamic amenorrhea–associated with low body weight, body fat, high stress, extreme exercise–can result in secondary amenorrhea.[5] Other hormonal imbalances that result in amenorrhea can be overactive or underactive thyroid, or pituitary tumors.[5][3] 
  • Uterine scarring as a result of various medical interventions (including dilation and curettage (D&C), cesarean section, or treatment for uterine fibroids) may cause amenorrhea.[5][3]
    • Medications such as contraceptives, antipsychotics, antidepressants, blood pressure medications, chemotherapy radiation, and allergy medications are also known to cause secondary amenorrhea.[5][3]

Prevalence

With the wide array of underlying causes, you might be wondering, how common is amenhorrea? When focusing on women who menstruate, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists estimated that 1 in 25 women who are not pregnant, breastfeeding, or going through menopause experience amenorrhea at some point in their lives.[1] If you struggle with amenorrhea, you should know you are not alone. 

Treatments

If you or someone you know is struggling with amenorrhea, it can be a sign of a deeper issue especially if it is not because of natural causes like pregnancy or menopause. That is why it is important to discuss your menstrual cycle with your healthcare provider, including any other symptoms you’ve been experiencing. Depending on the root cause of amenorrhea, treatment can vary from psychological therapy, stress management, eating disorder treatment, changing medications, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.[2] Whatever the cause is, you do not have to endure amenorrhea without help or guidance. Taking the first step by sharing your concern with your health care provider and a trusted loved one will ensure you are in good hands and supported in your recovery.

References

[1] Amenorrhea: Absence of periods. (2020, October). https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/amenorrhea-absence-of-periods

[2] Amenorrhea—Diagnosis & treatment. (2023, February 9). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369304

[3] Amenorrhea—Symptoms and causes. (2023, February 9). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299 

[4] Fragile x-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (Fxpoi) | nichd—Eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development. (2021, August 19). https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/fxpoi

[5] What causes amenorrhea? | nichd – eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development. (2017, January 31). https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/amenorrhea/conditioninfo/causes

Welcoming New Life Into the World 

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Welcoming New Life Into the World 

Isha Gupta
May 2024

Infants can be born in diverse ways. In the United States, vaginal delivery and C-section, also known as Cesarean birth, are common.[1] According to Cleaveland Clinic, in the United States, about 68% of all births are via vaginal deliveries, and about 1.2 million C-section deliveries occur each year.[1]Both vaginal deliveries and C-sections can be accompanied by unique risks and advantages for both newborns and their mothers. Therefore, it is important to be more aware of these two most common methods infants are born. 

Image by freepik

Vaginal delivery 

Vaginal delivery is the most common type of childbirth. It is considered to be the safest and preferred.[1] During this childbirth method, the uterus contracts, the cervix opens and the newborn is pushed out of the vagina, also referred to as the birth canal.[1] 

Researchers have found numerous benefits of vaginal delivery to maternal and child health. These include decreased hospital stay and increased mother-child bonding.[2]Also, among new mothers, vaginal deliveries are associated with faster recovery, lower rates of infection, and lower risk of complications for subsequent pregnancies.[1]In addition, babies born via the birth canal are more likely to breastfeed, have improved immune function, and lower risk of respiratory health problems.[1] 

Although it is generally considered to be the least risky,[3] vaginal delivery could still lead to potential risks and adverse outcomes. One of the most common complications is excessive or life-threatening bleeding during or after childbirth, also known as hemorrhage.[3] Furthermore, tears around the vagina and rectum can occur during vaginal delivery.[3] Moreover, larger tears in the vagina can further increase the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage.[4] 

C-section 

A C-section is the surgical delivery of an infant. C-sections are usually recommended when vaginal delivery is unsafe for either the mother, baby, or both. C-sections can be performed during medical emergencies and they can also be planned in advance.[5] During this childbirth method, a cut, referred to as an incision, is made in the abdomen and uterus. After the infant is delivered and the placenta is expelled, stitches are made to close the incision.[6]

A variety of factors can influence whether a woman will undergo a C-section. These include the placenta being attached too low, or when the infant’s body is too large to safely pass through the pelvis.[5] Furthermore, abnormal fetal heart rate[6] and the infant’s position in the uterus can influence the need for a C-section. Moreover, women may undergo a C-section if they have certain chronic health conditions such as heart disease, or, infections that could be transmitted to the infant during vaginal delivery such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).[7] For women who previously had a C-section, vaginal delivery could still be considered for the subsequent birth.[5] However, important factors such as the type of uterine incision from the previous birth and the risk of uterine rupture could influence the need for a C-section for the subsequent birth.[5] Additionally, for women who are carrying multiple infants in the uterus, a C-section is considered to be safer, especially since carrying multiple infants can cause prolonged labor, which, in turn, can lead to distress.[7] 

C-sections are generally considered to be associated with more risks than vaginal deliveries.[1] Along with longer hospital stays and longer recovery,[1] possible risks and complications include reactions to medicines utilized during the surgery, injury to the bladder or bowel, and wound infection.[6] Nevertheless, C-sections may also offer unique advantages. These include less risk of the infant being oxygen-deprived during the delivery. Additionally, for the new mother, a C-section may pose a lower risk of incontinence and sexual dysfunction.[1] 

Vaginal deliveries and C-sections are the most common birthing methods in the United States. Diverse medical and health factors can influence whether a C-section or vaginal delivery would be essential for a mother to safely give birth to her baby. There can be possible risks and unique advantages to both methods of welcoming new life into the world. 

References 

[1] Cleveland Clinic. (2022, October 7). Pregnancy: Types of Delivery. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9675-pregnancy-types-of-delivery 

[2] Desai, N. M., & Tsukerman, A. (2023, July 24). Vaginal Delivery. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559197/ 

[3] Cleveland Clinic. (2022a, May 26). Vaginal Delivery. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23097-vaginal-delivery

[4] Graugaard , H. L., & Maimburg, R. D. (2021, March 10). Is the increase in postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal birth because of altered clinical practice?: A register-based cohort study. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/birt.12543 

[5] Cleveland Clinic. (2022b, August 14). C-Section. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/7246-cesarean-birth-c-section

[6] Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2024). Cesarean Section. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cesarean-section 

[7] Healthline Media. (2016, July 8). Reasons for a C-Section: Medical, Personal, or Other. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/c-section-reasons

4B Movement: Saying No To Men

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4B Movement: Saying No To Men

Tanvir Bhamra
May 2024

Korea is known for its rich culture, from its delectable cuisine and captivating architecture to irresistible dramas and K-pop. Yet in the bustling streets of Seoul and beyond, women take a stand for themselves to change feminism in South Korea. Many women in Korea find that, while many other parts of the world are moving towards greater gender equality and human rights, Korea does not match that progressive nature. The severity of violence towards women has drastically increased, involving acts of rape, murder, sexual harassment at work, and domestic abuse[1]. These atrocities are what pushed the women of Korea to take situations into their own hands, thus birthing the 4B Movement. 

Image by freepik

This movement started in 2019, representing women’s complete refusal of their male counterparts with the four B’s: 비혼 (bihon): no marriage, 비출산 (bichulsan): no childbirth, 비연애 (biyeonae): no relationships, and 비섹스 (bisekseu): no sex[2]. This movement is not only directed towards defying men’s disrespect but also the gender-based government they live in, an ultimate symbol of how women are no longer dependent on men like they once were back when they were second-class citizens. 

However, these actions of isolating the ideology of a modern woman and the century-old traditional roles have consequences. One of these is Korea’s declining birthrate, which is also affected by its high living costs and the low wages women receive [3]. The economic and social pressures further fueled the 4B Movement, and the women of Korea have turned to social media apps like TikTok, inspiring other countries to start their own movements[3].

Public opinion on the 4B Movement is sharply divided; Korean women with first-hand experience with dating and gender discrimination are supportive of the movement, while those with more traditional outlooks on life are more skeptical about the matter[2]. Meanwhile, most Korean men are against the whole movement due to their expectations of receiving traditional roles and being accustomed to pampering. Either way, those taking the initiative or supporting the movement often get ridiculed online or in person[2]. 

The future of the 4B Movement remains uncertain, but its influence is undeniable. As its principles inspire the younger generations, causing more women to join the movement, it drives a shift in social attitudes, challenges the status quo, and advocates for a new vision of womanhood free of systemic oppression. 

References

[1] Moon, K. H.S. (2022, December 9). South Korea’s misogyny problem. East Asia Forum. Retrieved May 14, 2024, from https://eastasiaforum.org/2022/12/09/south-koreas-misogyny-problem/

[2] Sussman, A. L. (2023, March 8). A World Without Men: Inside South Korea’s 4B Movement. The Cut. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.thecut.com/2023/03/4b-movement-feminism-south-korea.html 

[3] Zimmermann, B. (2023, August 8). South Korea’s 4B Movement Lowers the Birth Rate in a Fight for Gender Equality — THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW. THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from https://www.iar-gwu.org/blog/iar-web/south-koreas-4b

Reviving Passion: Exploring Causes and Solutions for Low Libido 

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Reviving Passion: Exploring Causes and Solutions for Low Libido 

Paz Etcheverry, MS, PhD
May 2024

Low libido means having a low appetite for sex and, just like vaginismus, it falls under the category of sexual disorders that afflict women. When coupled with elevated stress levels attributed to diminished libido, the condition is known as hypoactive sexual desire disorder.[19] 

Low sex drive is the most common sexual issue reported by women.[18] Research reveals that low sexual desire impacts 26 out of every 100 premenopausal women,[10] while the prevalence increases to 52 out of every 100 menopausal women in the US.[19] And while low sex drive can affect women of all ages, studies suggest that younger women find low libido to have a greater lifestyle effect.[1] 

Image by rawpixel.com on Freepik

There are several causes for low libido. 

  • Age is one major factor that can contribute to low libido. Starting at the age of 45, there is a decrease in sex hormones, primarily estrogen and testosterone. Low estrogen levels lead to vaginal dryness, which can make penetrative sex particularly painful, a condition known as dyspareunia. Furthermore, low estrogen levels lead to reduced sensitivity in the genital area, which can impede a woman’s ability to actively respond to sexual expression and cues.[1] 
  • Testosterone is a major driver of sex as it enhances sexual desire and behavior. By the time women reach menopause, between ages 40 and 60, their testosterone levels are almost a quarter of what they used to be during their 20s.[1] Weight gain and depression can also decrease libido.[17] Relationship difficulties can have a considerable effect on sexual desire, along with emotional stress, the health of the partner, and family conflicts. Moreover, surgical procedures (like oophorectomies, which involve removing one of the two ovaries responsible for estrogen and testosterone production), health conditions, and certain medications such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), can contribute to a diminished libido. These factors may result in the absence of sexual fantasies and a reduced desire for sexual activity.[1][10] 

Treatment options for this condition include hormonal treatments and pharmaceutical drugs.

Estrogen 

Possible options are oral and local estrogen, such as patches, creams, and rings inserted in the vagina. A caveat with oral estrogen: they lower levels of testosterone, which we know is a major driver of sexual desire. Hence, local estrogen options, which have minimal effects on testosterone levels, might be more suitable. Vaginal moisturizers, as well as water, oil, or silicone-based lubricants, can be used when vaginal dryness is suspected.[10] 

Testosterone 

Oral testosterone is not an option for women because of the effects it has on blood lipid levels. Instead, patches are recommended. Frequent adverse effects associated with testosterone patches include a rise in body hair or hirsutism (observed in 7% compared to 5% in controls), acne (reported in 9% compared to 7% in controls), and irritation at the patch site affecting up to 30% of participants. These effects resolve, however, following discontinuation of treatment.[10] Additionally, there are testosterone creams and gels that, when applied to the upper thighs, abdomen, and forearms, can enhance sexual desire without significant side effects,[6][7][16] although the risk of acne and hirsutism remains possible. 

Tibolone 

For menopausal women, tibolone may be a beneficial treatment option.[5][8] As a synthetic steroid, tibolone is marketed as hormone replacement therapy. However, there are concerns regarding the potential risk of stroke in older women using tibolone, despite its positive effects on breast cancer, fracture risk, and possibly colon cancer.[4] 

Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA 

Touted as the “elixir of youth”, DHEA is converted in various body tissues into estrogen and testosterone.[3] DHEA is available over-the-counter, but its safety remains unclear.[11]It is also unclear to what extent DHEA is beneficial, particularly for libido and general well-being..[12][20] 

Flibanserin 

Flibanserin is a drug that selectively influences neurotransmitter pathways that are associated with sexual desire.[10]In studies, a daily dose of 100 mg improved sexual desire in women.[9][15] However, the drug has some unwanted side effects such as nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and insomnia.[2] 

Bupropion 

Bupropion is a drug that enhances sexual desire.[13] Psychiatrists commonly recommend bupropion for the treatment of SSRI-induced low libido due to studies demonstrating its positive impact on desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction in women with SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.[10][14] 

There are multiple causes of low libido that may be physical, emotional, medical, or due to relationship conflicts. Treatment options are available to reignite sexual desire. Work with a trusted healthcare provider to explore the various options available and get back to feeling like you. 

References 

[1] AlAwlaqi, A., Amor, H., & Hammadeh, M. E. (2017). Role of hormones in hypoactive sexual desire disorder and current treatment. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 18(4), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtgga.2017.0071 

[2] Baid, R., & Agarwal, R. (2018). Flibanserin: A controversial drug for female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_20_16

[3] Buffington C. K. (1998). DHEA: elixir of youth or mirror of age?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(3), 391–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01062.x 

[4] Cummings, S. R., Ettinger, B., Delmas, P. D., Kenemans, P., Stathopoulos, V., Verweij, P., Mol-Arts, M., Kloosterboer, L., Mosca, L., Christiansen, C., Bilezikian, J., Kerzberg, E. M., Johnson, S., Zanchetta, J., Grobbee, D. E., Seifert, W., Eastell, R., & LIFT Trial Investigators (2008). The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(7), 697–708. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800743 

[5] Davis S. R. (2002). The effects of tibolone on mood and libido. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 9(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200205000-00004 

[6] El-Hage, G., Eden, J. A., & Manga, R. Z. (2007). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of testosterone cream on the sexual motivation of menopausal hysterectomized women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Climacteric: The Journal of the International Menopause Society, 10(4), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1080 

[7] Goldstat, R., Briganti, E., Tran, J., Wolfe, R., & Davis, S. R. (2003). Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 10(5), 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000060256.03945.20 

[8] Kamenov, Z. A., Todorova, M. K., & Christov, V. G. (2007). Effect of tibolone on sexual function in late postmenopausal women. Folia Medica, 49(1-2), 41–48.

[9] Katz, M., DeRogatis, L. R., Ackerman, R., Hedges, P., Lesko, L., Garcia, M., Jr, Sand, M., & BEGONIA trial investigators (2013). Efficacy of flibanserin in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: results from the BEGONIA trial. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(7), 1807–1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12189 

[10] Maclaran, K., & Panay, N. (2011). Managing low sexual desire in women. Women’s Health (London, England), 7(5), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.11.54 

[11] Omura Y. (2005). Beneficial effects and side effects of DHEA: true anti-aging and age-promoting effects, as well as anti-cancer and cancer-promoting effects of DHEA evaluated from the effects on the normal and cancer cell telomeres and other parameters. Acupuncture & Electro-therapeutics Research, 30(3-4), 219–261. https://doi.org/10.3727 

[12] Panjari, M., & Davis, S. R. (2007). DHEA therapy for women: effect on sexual function and wellbeing. Human Reproduction Update, 13(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dml055

[13] Razali, N. A., Sidi, H., Choy, C. L., Roos, N. A. C., Baharudin, A., & Das, S. (2022). The Role of Bupropion in the Treatment of Women with Sexual Desire Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Neuropharmacology, 20(10), 1941–1955. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X20666220222145735 

[14] Segraves, R. T., Clayton, A., Croft, H., Wolf, A., & Warnock, J. (2004). Bupropion sustained release for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 339–342. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jcp.0000125686.20338.c1

[15] Simon, J. A., Thorp, J., & Millheiser, L. (2019). Flibanserin for Premenopausal Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials. Journal of Women’s Health (2002), 28(6), 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7516 

[16] Singh, A. B., Lee, M. L., Sinha-Hikim, I., Kushnir, M., Meikle, W., Rockwood, A., Afework, S., & Bhasin, S. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of a testosterone gel in healthy postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1640 

[17] Stanikova, D., Zsido, R. G., Luck, T., Pabst, A., Enzenbach, C., Bae, Y. J., Thiery, J., Ceglarek, U., Engel, C., Wirkner, K., Stanik, J., Kratzsch, J., Villringer, A., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Sacher, J. (2019). Testosterone imbalance may link depression and increased body weight in premenopausal women. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0487-5

[18] Sutherland, S. E., Rehman, U. S., & Goodnight, J. A. (2020). A Typology of Women with Low Sexual Desire. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 2893–2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01805-9

[19] West, S. L., D’Aloisio, A. A., Agans, R. P., Kalsbeek, W. D., Borisov, N. N., & Thorp, J. M. (2008). Prevalence of low sexual desire and hypoactive sexual desire disorder in a nationally representative sample of US women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168(13), 1441–1449. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.13.1441 [20] Wierman, M. E., & Kiseljak-Vassiliades, K. (2022). Should Dehydroepiandrosterone Be Administered to Women?. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 107(6), 1679–1685. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac130