Depression has become an extremely common health condition over the years for everyone in America. This includes teens and adults of every gender, however, it is more significant among women. Women are twice as likely to get depression than men. Why is that? A major role causing women to face depression is hormones. Women experience a great deal of hormonal imbalance throughout their lives.
Changes During Puberty
[2] When a woman hits puberty she experiences many hormonal changes that lead to changes in the way her body looks. The fast changes can end up causing her to have self-image issues such as body dysmorphia or eating disorders. Puberty can also cause acne or skin issues which tend to affect women’s self-esteem negatively. The hormonal imbalances during the monthly menstrual cycle may also interfere with their mood causing them to have bad relationships with the people around them. All these changes tend to stress out females.
Pregnancy complications are very common because of unhealthy lifestyles. Any sort of complication tends to stress out women as they have to get treatment for certain issues they have. Situations like these end up affecting people extremely unfavorably. [3] During pregnancy, hormonal imbalance is very normal, causing their mood to be negative at times. In addition, unwanted pregnancies are extremely common, resulting in family issues and anxiety about the future. Pregnancy can come with a lot of worriesespecially when a woman does not have the right resources or a good support system.
Postpartum Depression
After pregnancy, a woman enters a completely different period of her life. Some women are under pressure to balance their work life and their family, while some women are forced to give up work and this further adds stress. [3] After pregnancy, women also have sleep issues. Sleep is a very important factor for mental health and seven to nine hours are required.
Menopause
Menopause comes with negative symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, irregular periods, anxiety, irritability, stress, and moodiness. Changes in mood and behavior affects surrounding relations, uncooperatively causing more stress. [2] Anxiety, stress, and lack of sleep can result in depression and other mental health issues.
Physiological Basis
Women are usually more ruminative compared to men, meaning they tend to overthink. [1] Even though this can be a great thing, this may make them prone to depression. Men usually react by expressing anger rather than keeping it in their heads. Women tend to be more invested in their relationships which leads to stronger emotions that do not end up being released.
Sexism!
[2] Women still face sexism in this day and age, usually from family members or even workspaces. Growing up in restrictive and traumatic households can result in depression over time. Women also tend to face discrimination from their families for working. Conversely, some women face discrimination for deciding not to work.
Recognizing Depression and Seeking Help
Symptoms of depression include:
Consistent sadness, anxiety, or negative mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Sleep issues such as insomnia
Tiredness and low energy
Irregular appetite and weight gain or loss
Trouble focusing
Frequent negative thoughts
Unexplained physical pain
People who have prominent symptoms of depression to the point where they affect their daily lives should seek help. To seek help, you can first see your family doctor who can help you get further help such as therapy and medications as required. If you have suicidal thoughts and think you might hurt yourself call your local emergency number immediately or contact your local suicide hotline.
References
[1] Burton, N. (2024, June 23). The 7 Reasons Why Depression is More Common in Women. Psychology Today.
[2] Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes. (2022, October 14). Mayo Clinic. [3] Schimelpfening, N. (2024, April 1). Why Depression Is More Common in Women Than in Men. Verywell Mind.
Inside the Dangerous Recesses of the “Perfect Victim” Trope
Lisa Samy
August 2024
Perfect victims don’t exist. However, society parrots the idea that women who experience sexual assault must adhere to a certain moral purity to be acknowledged for their trauma.[2] This is called the “Perfect Victim” trope.[2]
According to Dr. Jason B. Whiting, the perfect victim is someone who is “weak and vulnerable and involved in a respectable activity at the time of victimization.[2]” In all aspects, they are able to gain “the most sympathy and support from society.”[2]
Here is a story to put it into perspective. There is a woman named Melissa. She’s young, cisgender, supposedly heterosexual, and white. When she is sexually assaulted, she is not drunk, wearing revealing clothing, or flaunting her sexuality. She is believed and heralded as a tragic, sympathetic figure, both by the public and police force alike.
What happens to women who don’t fit the mold of Melissa’s narrative? People see their stories through a doubtful lens. Repeat phrases like “there’s two sides to every story” or “gray area,” serving to bolster the narrative of the perpetrator.[2] Continue to question, doubt, and ultimately, siphon away any empathy they have for them.[3]
Those Who Don’t Fit The Physical Picture
Author and social activist Bri Lee notes that along with women of color, it’s often “women for whom English was a second language, who have either intellectual or physical disabilities, very young women and very old women” who are victims of sexual assault.[1]
The numbers don’t lie either. A recent Trades Congress Report highlighted that 54% of black women reported sexual harassment at work, compared to 34% of white women.[4] The Aged Royal Commission reports that up to 50% of sexual crimes happen in nursing homes on a weekly basis.[1] Women with intellectual disabilities are 50-90% more likely to be the targets of sexual assault.[1]
It’s not that cisgender white women’s voices don’t deserve to be heard; however, their stories are prioritized at the expense of those belonging to other marginalized groups. When have black women—historically stereotyped as unfeminine, aggressive, and hypersexual—ever been commonly believed? Would a senior citizen living in a retirement home have a higher chance of the authorities taking her report seriously, or them writing her off as a demented dotard? Obviously the second option, because society has placed the validity and worth of victims on a scale determined by their extrinsic identities.
If your story isn’t clear, isn’t convenient, it’s less likely to matter.
Those Who Don’t Fit the Personality Picture
No imperfect victim is the same. Some are hot-headed, unlikeable, and while grappling with their trauma, inadvertently push others away, their relationships (platonic or romantic) ending as collateral damage.[5] Others are anxious, self-deprecating, and drown their words in apology-habitual behavior, thereby dissolving their credibility to others. But to be perfect, victims must not show their trauma in such ugly ways.[5] They need to control their fears, and if they wish to share their stories, they must do it for the sake of other victims.
Emily Withnall, domestic abuse survivor and writer, says “I do not meet societal criteria for being a perfect victim. I am a lesbian, for one. I’m also hard headed, prone to argument, and write freely about personal topics that make people uncomfortable. But I refuse to contain the stories of my abuse.”[5]
When these personalities are shamed, victims become susceptible to self-doubt. . Destructive thoughts such as “I brought this upon myself” and “I didn’t tell him, who would believe me?” take a front seat in driving their lives.[5] Thus directing them down the decaying road filled with other traumatized women whose personalities are “unpleasant.” There, they are abandoned, their stories left in the refuse and rubble.
Those We Need to Include
All victims deserve a seat at the table. Integrity should not be based on skin color, sexuality, gender, class, or perceived personality. If a woman fights back against her attacker, she’s not intrinsically an abuser too. If a woman was drunk at the time of the sexual assault, she did not bring it upon herself. If a woman wore a revealing outfit, she didn’t want her assault to happen.
Let’s slow down, wait and listen. When we do, the intricacies of the stories will form on their own, without the “Perfect Victim” trope to write them for us.
[3] Glory, Oviasuyi. (2023). Addressing the Myth of the Perfect Victim. Document Women. https://documentwomen.com/addressing-the-myth-of-the-perfect-victim
The Feminism Effect: How The Art Movement Underscores The Power of Women
Yashaswini Repaka August 2024
Art speaks volumes. It can encompass many aspects of our daily lives, and urge us to understand how powerful our emotions are through variation. Like the power of a simple brush stroke, feminism throughout modern works encompasses the power of representation, power dynamics, and the identity of the female community. Advocating for the empowerment of women and marginalized groups, feminist art brings together a vibrant community and unites women in girlhood. The feminist movement has significantly shaped contemporary art and continues to impact the art field today, empowering women in every aspect of life.
Emerging in the late 1960’s and 70’s, the feminist art movement was a response to a predominantly male-centric art world. It sought to address issues of gender equality and challenge traditional notions of art. As once stated by female artist Suzanne Lacy, “…the goal of Feminist Art was to “influence cultural attitudes and transform stereotypes.”[1]
Examples of more renowned female artists include Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro, spotlighted in the following:
Inspired by the women’s movement and rebelling against the male-dominated scene of their art world, many renowned paintings such as the Dinner Party [1979] which Chicago described as “a reinterpretation of The Last Supper from the point of view of women, who, throughout history, have prepared the meals and set the table” [4]. The Dinner Party celebrated the forgotten achievements of women throughout history. The main focus of the piece is a table with symbolic places for thirty-nine “guests of honor.” Each place setting describes each woman’s achievement. Incorporating elements of a social event with the status and appearance of a banquet, Chicago elevates her guests to the role of heroes, a traditionally male characteristic.
Another renowned piece by Schapiro, DollHouse [1972], which was intended to be a statement on the lives of women and the fact that “there is more to be discovered beyond the female stereotype and opportunities for her to choose to be sexual or glamorous” [5]. The Dollhouse describes how a woman is portrayed on the outside, but if someone got to know them a little better, or “opened the doors of the house”, they would understand her hobbies and personality. Especially in the 20th century, many societal norms looked down upon women making their own choices. So, just like the shutters in the house, it is demonstrated that women have the ability to close or open parts of their lives to other individuals.
Gender equality, racial justice, LGBTQ rights, and other social justice movements often intersect with feminist art. Many artists use their work to shed light on these issues, using their platforms to advocate for change and amplify marginalized voices. For example, American Gothic by Grant Wood reflects concerns about rural life and the rigidity of gender roles[6]. Harlem by Langston Hughes delves into the experience of African Americans in the early 20th century, addressing themes of race and class[2]. Brokeback Mountain directed by Ang Lee portrays a complex and poignant exploration of homosexuality, along with themes of love, identity, and societal expectations [3].
All in all, feminism has played a crucial role in reshaping the art world, challenging traditional norms, and amplifying the voices of women artists. From the feminist art movement of the 1960s and 1970s to the present day, the influence of feminism on art continues to be profound. The feminist art movement has inspired gender, identity, and power dynamics, ultimately enriching and diversifying the artistic landscape. Through these powerful works of art, women across the world feel empowered by the rich intricacies and powerful, emotional advocacy. All it took was a paint jar and a burning passion to represent.
More than 230 million women alive today have undergone Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) [4]. Deep-rooted in gender inequalities and misogynistic ideologies, the practice is a significant violation of women’s right to health, privacy, and physical integrity. It involves any and all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons [4]. It has no health benefit for the women involved, but rather a cause for severe bleeding and problems urinating. These complications can later develop into cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths [4]. These procedures are practiced in 92 countries, 51 of which have laws specifically prohibiting FGM [2].
FMG is split into four different classifications. Type 1 is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans [4]. Type 2 is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans as well as the labia minora [4]. Type 3 can also be known as infibulation. It is the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. This seal is created by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or labia majora, sometimes through stitching [4]. This can be done with or without removal of the clitoral hood and glans. The last classification is Type 4, which includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes like pricking, piercing and incising the genital area [4]. A procedure falling into any of these classifications can lead to debilitating health complications.
There are a variety of medical issues that can arise from FGM, ranging from immediate to long-term problems. The more invasive the FGM procedure, the more severe the repercussions. Some instantaneous ramifications include hemorrhaging, wound healing problems, shock, fever and in some cases, even death [4]. Longer-lasting consequences include increased risk of childbirth difficulties, psychological issues, keloid, urinary problems, menstruation problems etc [4]. These procedures are typically completed by healthcare providers, who know the dangerous aftermath of these procedures. So why do many of them continue to practice these procedures?
FGM takes place among indigenous and/or diaspora communities in numerous countries globally, typically performed on girls ages 0 to 15 [1]. Often in these communities, there is a cultural belief that FGM will ensure a girl’s proper upbringing, preserve family honor, and/or make a girl suitable for marriage [1]. This ultimately is centered around controlling the girl’s sexuality, and protecting her virginity to promote purity and marital fidelity. Individuals who belong to these communities are frequently faced with pressures from other community members, which can lead to coercion, perpetuating the practice further.
FGM has received opposition globally, with many organizations trying to bring an end to the invasive procedure. UNICEF and UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) have been working together since 2008, leading the world’s largest program to end FGM. The UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation, works with community members to raise awareness of FGM’s harms as well as works with governments for the development of policy against FGM [3]. For girls at risk and/or affected by FGM, UNICEF provides them with medical and psychological care. Since the establishment of the program, 13 countries have passed national legislation banning FGM [3]. More than 6 million girls and women have received prevention, protection, and treatment services related to FGM and 45 million people have made public declarations to abandon the practice [3].
FGM is a grevious threat to many girls and young women and its eradication is vital. By speaking up, enacting strong legal measures and raising awareness in communities, a future without this risk can become a reality. Bringing an end to FGM is not just the ending of a destructive practice; it is the restoration of human rights.
[2] FGM: A global picture. Equality Now. (2023, April 4). https://equalitynow.org/fgm-a-global-picture/#:~:text=Of%20the%2092%20countries%20where,such%20as%20the%20criminal%20or
[3] UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation. UNICEF. (2024, March 8). https://www.unicef.org/protection/unfpa-unicef-joint-programme-eliminating-fgm
[4] What is female genital mutilation?. UNICEF. (n.d.). https://www.unicef.org/protection/female-genital-mutilation
Amenorrhea: How The Absence of Menstruation Can Be a Problem
Gabriela Castro May 2024
If you have a uterus, there’s a chance your period has not always come on a regular monthly basis. The chronic absence of a period can be indicative of a medical condition called amenorrhea. There are two types of amenorrhea–primary and secondary.[4] Primary amenorrhea refers to those with uteruses who have not had their first period (also known as “menarche”) by age 15.[3] Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of 3 or more consecutive periods by someone who has begun to menstruate previously.[3]
The central feature of amenorrhea is a lack of menstruation. Other symptoms associated with amenorrhea can vary in part due to its causes, including::
Milky nipple discharge[3]
Hair loss[3]
Headache[3]
Vision changes[3]
Excess facial hair[3]
Pelvic pain[3]
Acne[3]
Primary Amenorrhea Causes
Primary amenorrhea is caused primarily by hormonal imbalances and genetic abnormalities.[5]
Having hypothalamic issues can prevent the onset of menstruation.[5]
Issues with the pituitary gland such as pituitary tumors can inhibit menstruation.[5]
Low body weight, excessive exercise, and eating disorders can cause stress which affects hormone production (particularly in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus leading to amenorrhea).[3]
Genetic abnormalities such as a lack of reproductive organs or a structural abnormality obstructing the vagina can block visible bleeding.[3] Chromosomal issues such as Turner syndrome–which is caused by a missing or partly missing X chromosome–or genetic disorders like androgen insensitivity syndrome–often characterized by high testosterone levels–may affect menstruation.[5]
Secondary Amenorrhea Causes
Secondary amenorrhea has a wider variety of causes.
It can be brought on naturally through pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause.[5] This type of amenorrhea can be brought on by hormone imbalance in ways similar to primary amenorrhea.
Hypothalamic amenorrhea–associated with low body weight, body fat, high stress, extreme exercise–can result in secondary amenorrhea.[5] Other hormonal imbalances that result in amenorrhea can be overactive or underactive thyroid, or pituitary tumors.[5][3]
Uterine scarring as a result of various medical interventions (including dilation and curettage (D&C), cesarean section, or treatment for uterine fibroids) may cause amenorrhea.[5][3]
Medications such as contraceptives, antipsychotics, antidepressants, blood pressure medications, chemotherapy radiation, and allergy medications are also known to cause secondary amenorrhea.[5][3]
Prevalence
With the wide array of underlying causes, you might be wondering, how common is amenhorrea? When focusing on women who menstruate, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists estimated that 1 in 25 women who are not pregnant, breastfeeding, or going through menopause experience amenorrhea at some point in their lives.[1] If you struggle with amenorrhea, you should know you are not alone.
Treatments
If you or someone you know is struggling with amenorrhea, it can be a sign of a deeper issue especially if it is not because of natural causes like pregnancy or menopause. That is why it is important to discuss your menstrual cycle with your healthcare provider, including any other symptoms you’ve been experiencing. Depending on the root cause of amenorrhea, treatment can vary from psychological therapy, stress management, eating disorder treatment, changing medications, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.[2] Whatever the cause is, you do not have to endure amenorrhea without help or guidance. Taking the first step by sharing your concern with your health care provider and a trusted loved one will ensure you are in good hands and supported in your recovery.
[4] Fragile x-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (Fxpoi) | nichd—Eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development. (2021, August 19). https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/fxpoi
Infants can be born in diverse ways. In the United States, vaginal delivery and C-section, also known as Cesarean birth, are common.[1] According to Cleaveland Clinic, in the United States, about 68% of all births are via vaginal deliveries, and about 1.2 million C-section deliveries occur each year.[1]Both vaginal deliveries and C-sections can be accompanied by unique risks and advantages for both newborns and their mothers. Therefore, it is important to be more aware of these two most common methods infants are born.
Vaginal delivery is the most common type of childbirth. It is considered to be the safest and preferred.[1] During this childbirth method, the uterus contracts, the cervix opens and the newborn is pushed out of the vagina, also referred to as the birth canal.[1]
Researchers have found numerous benefits of vaginal delivery to maternal and child health. These include decreased hospital stay and increased mother-child bonding.[2]Also, among new mothers, vaginal deliveries are associated with faster recovery, lower rates of infection, and lower risk of complications for subsequent pregnancies.[1]In addition, babies born via the birth canal are more likely to breastfeed, have improved immune function, and lower risk of respiratory health problems.[1]
Although it is generally considered to be the least risky,[3] vaginal delivery could still lead to potential risks and adverse outcomes. One of the most common complications is excessive or life-threatening bleeding during or after childbirth, also known as hemorrhage.[3] Furthermore, tears around the vagina and rectum can occur during vaginal delivery.[3] Moreover, larger tears in the vagina can further increase the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage.[4]
C-section
A C-section is the surgical delivery of an infant. C-sections are usually recommended when vaginal delivery is unsafe for either the mother, baby, or both. C-sections can be performed during medical emergencies and they can also be planned in advance.[5] During this childbirth method, a cut, referred to as an incision, is made in the abdomen and uterus. After the infant is delivered and the placenta is expelled, stitches are made to close the incision.[6]
A variety of factors can influence whether a woman will undergo a C-section. These include the placenta being attached too low, or when the infant’s body is too large to safely pass through the pelvis.[5] Furthermore, abnormal fetal heart rate[6] and the infant’s position in the uterus can influence the need for a C-section. Moreover, women may undergo a C-section if they have certain chronic health conditions such as heart disease, or, infections that could be transmitted to the infant during vaginal delivery such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).[7] For women who previously had a C-section, vaginal delivery could still be considered for the subsequent birth.[5] However, important factors such as the type of uterine incision from the previous birth and the risk of uterine rupture could influence the need for a C-section for the subsequent birth.[5] Additionally, for women who are carrying multiple infants in the uterus, a C-section is considered to be safer, especially since carrying multiple infants can cause prolonged labor, which, in turn, can lead to distress.[7]
C-sections are generally considered to be associated with more risks than vaginal deliveries.[1] Along with longer hospital stays and longer recovery,[1] possible risks and complications include reactions to medicines utilized during the surgery, injury to the bladder or bowel, and wound infection.[6] Nevertheless, C-sections may also offer unique advantages. These include less risk of the infant being oxygen-deprived during the delivery. Additionally, for the new mother, a C-section may pose a lower risk of incontinence and sexual dysfunction.[1]
Vaginal deliveries and C-sections are the most common birthing methods in the United States. Diverse medical and health factors can influence whether a C-section or vaginal delivery would be essential for a mother to safely give birth to her baby. There can be possible risks and unique advantages to both methods of welcoming new life into the world.
References
[1] Cleveland Clinic. (2022, October 7). Pregnancy: Types of Delivery. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9675-pregnancy-types-of-delivery
[2] Desai, N. M., & Tsukerman, A. (2023, July 24). Vaginal Delivery. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559197/
[4] Graugaard , H. L., & Maimburg, R. D. (2021, March 10). Is the increase in postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal birth because of altered clinical practice?: A register-based cohort study. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/birt.12543
[7] Healthline Media. (2016, July 8). Reasons for a C-Section: Medical, Personal, or Other. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/c-section-reasons
Korea is known for its rich culture, from its delectable cuisine and captivating architecture to irresistible dramas and K-pop. Yet in the bustling streets of Seoul and beyond, women take a stand for themselves to change feminism in South Korea. Many women in Korea find that, while many other parts of the world are moving towards greater gender equality and human rights, Korea does not match that progressive nature. The severity of violence towards women has drastically increased, involving acts of rape, murder, sexual harassment at work, and domestic abuse[1]. These atrocities are what pushed the women of Korea to take situations into their own hands, thus birthing the 4B Movement.
This movement started in 2019, representing women’s complete refusal of their male counterparts with the four B’s: 비혼 (bihon): no marriage, 비출산 (bichulsan): no childbirth, 비연애 (biyeonae): no relationships, and 비섹스 (bisekseu): no sex[2]. This movement is not only directed towards defying men’s disrespect but also the gender-based government they live in, an ultimate symbol of how women are no longer dependent on men like they once were back when they were second-class citizens.
However, these actions of isolating the ideology of a modern woman and the century-old traditional roles have consequences. One of these is Korea’s declining birthrate, which is also affected by its high living costs and the low wages women receive [3]. The economic and social pressures further fueled the 4B Movement, and the women of Korea have turned to social media apps like TikTok, inspiring other countries to start their own movements[3].
Public opinion on the 4B Movement is sharply divided; Korean women with first-hand experience with dating and gender discrimination are supportive of the movement, while those with more traditional outlooks on life are more skeptical about the matter[2]. Meanwhile, most Korean men are against the whole movement due to their expectations of receiving traditional roles and being accustomed to pampering. Either way, those taking the initiative or supporting the movement often get ridiculed online or in person[2].
The future of the 4B Movement remains uncertain, but its influence is undeniable. As its principles inspire the younger generations, causing more women to join the movement, it drives a shift in social attitudes, challenges the status quo, and advocates for a new vision of womanhood free of systemic oppression.
References
[1] Moon, K. H.S. (2022, December 9). South Korea’s misogyny problem. East Asia Forum. Retrieved May 14, 2024, from https://eastasiaforum.org/2022/12/09/south-koreas-misogyny-problem/
[2] Sussman, A. L. (2023, March 8). A World Without Men: Inside South Korea’s 4B Movement. The Cut. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.thecut.com/2023/03/4b-movement-feminism-south-korea.html
[3] Zimmermann, B. (2023, August 8). South Korea’s 4B Movement Lowers the Birth Rate in a Fight for Gender Equality — THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW. THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from https://www.iar-gwu.org/blog/iar-web/south-koreas-4b
Reviving Passion: Exploring Causes and Solutions for Low Libido
Paz Etcheverry, MS, PhD May 2024
Low libido means having a low appetite for sex and, just like vaginismus, it falls under the category of sexual disorders that afflict women. When coupled with elevated stress levels attributed to diminished libido, the condition is known as hypoactive sexual desire disorder.[19]
Low sex drive is the most common sexual issue reported by women.[18] Research reveals that low sexual desire impacts 26 out of every 100 premenopausal women,[10] while the prevalence increases to 52 out of every 100 menopausal women in the US.[19] And while low sex drive can affect women of all ages, studies suggest that younger women find low libido to have a greater lifestyle effect.[1]
Age is one major factor that can contribute to low libido. Starting at the age of 45, there is a decrease in sex hormones, primarily estrogen and testosterone. Low estrogen levels lead to vaginal dryness, which can make penetrative sex particularly painful, a condition known as dyspareunia. Furthermore, low estrogen levels lead to reduced sensitivity in the genital area, which can impede a woman’s ability to actively respond to sexual expression and cues.[1]
Testosterone is a major driver of sex as it enhances sexual desire and behavior. By the time women reach menopause, between ages 40 and 60, their testosterone levels are almost a quarter of what they used to be during their 20s.[1] Weight gain and depression can also decrease libido.[17] Relationship difficulties can have a considerable effect on sexual desire, along with emotional stress, the health of the partner, and family conflicts. Moreover, surgical procedures (like oophorectomies, which involve removing one of the two ovaries responsible for estrogen and testosterone production), health conditions, and certain medications such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), can contribute to a diminished libido. These factors may result in the absence of sexual fantasies and a reduced desire for sexual activity.[1][10]
Treatment options for this condition include hormonal treatments and pharmaceutical drugs.
Estrogen
Possible options are oral and local estrogen, such as patches, creams, and rings inserted in the vagina. A caveat with oral estrogen: they lower levels of testosterone, which we know is a major driver of sexual desire. Hence, local estrogen options, which have minimal effects on testosterone levels, might be more suitable. Vaginal moisturizers, as well as water, oil, or silicone-based lubricants, can be used when vaginal dryness is suspected.[10]
Testosterone
Oral testosterone is not an option for women because of the effects it has on blood lipid levels. Instead, patches are recommended. Frequent adverse effects associated with testosterone patches include a rise in body hair or hirsutism (observed in 7% compared to 5% in controls), acne (reported in 9% compared to 7% in controls), and irritation at the patch site affecting up to 30% of participants. These effects resolve, however, following discontinuation of treatment.[10] Additionally, there are testosterone creams and gels that, when applied to the upper thighs, abdomen, and forearms, can enhance sexual desire without significant side effects,[6][7][16] although the risk of acne and hirsutism remains possible.
Tibolone
For menopausal women, tibolone may be a beneficial treatment option.[5][8] As a synthetic steroid, tibolone is marketed as hormone replacement therapy. However, there are concerns regarding the potential risk of stroke in older women using tibolone, despite its positive effects on breast cancer, fracture risk, and possibly colon cancer.[4]
Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA
Touted as the “elixir of youth”, DHEA is converted in various body tissues into estrogen and testosterone.[3] DHEA is available over-the-counter, but its safety remains unclear.[11]It is also unclear to what extent DHEA is beneficial, particularly for libido and general well-being..[12][20]
Flibanserin
Flibanserin is a drug that selectively influences neurotransmitter pathways that are associated with sexual desire.[10]In studies, a daily dose of 100 mg improved sexual desire in women.[9][15] However, the drug has some unwanted side effects such as nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and insomnia.[2]
Bupropion
Bupropion is a drug that enhances sexual desire.[13] Psychiatrists commonly recommend bupropion for the treatment of SSRI-induced low libido due to studies demonstrating its positive impact on desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction in women with SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.[10][14]
There are multiple causes of low libido that may be physical, emotional, medical, or due to relationship conflicts. Treatment options are available to reignite sexual desire. Work with a trusted healthcare provider to explore the various options available and get back to feeling like you.
References
[1] AlAwlaqi, A., Amor, H., & Hammadeh, M. E. (2017). Role of hormones in hypoactive sexual desire disorder and current treatment. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 18(4), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtgga.2017.0071
[2] Baid, R., & Agarwal, R. (2018). Flibanserin: A controversial drug for female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_20_16
[3] Buffington C. K. (1998). DHEA: elixir of youth or mirror of age?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46(3), 391–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01062.x
[4] Cummings, S. R., Ettinger, B., Delmas, P. D., Kenemans, P., Stathopoulos, V., Verweij, P., Mol-Arts, M., Kloosterboer, L., Mosca, L., Christiansen, C., Bilezikian, J., Kerzberg, E. M., Johnson, S., Zanchetta, J., Grobbee, D. E., Seifert, W., Eastell, R., & LIFT Trial Investigators (2008). The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(7), 697–708. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800743
[5] Davis S. R. (2002). The effects of tibolone on mood and libido. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 9(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200205000-00004
[6] El-Hage, G., Eden, J. A., & Manga, R. Z. (2007). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of testosterone cream on the sexual motivation of menopausal hysterectomized women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Climacteric: The Journal of the International Menopause Society, 10(4), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1080
[7] Goldstat, R., Briganti, E., Tran, J., Wolfe, R., & Davis, S. R. (2003). Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 10(5), 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000060256.03945.20
[8] Kamenov, Z. A., Todorova, M. K., & Christov, V. G. (2007). Effect of tibolone on sexual function in late postmenopausal women. Folia Medica, 49(1-2), 41–48.
[9] Katz, M., DeRogatis, L. R., Ackerman, R., Hedges, P., Lesko, L., Garcia, M., Jr, Sand, M., & BEGONIA trial investigators (2013). Efficacy of flibanserin in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: results from the BEGONIA trial. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(7), 1807–1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12189
[10] Maclaran, K., & Panay, N. (2011). Managing low sexual desire in women. Women’s Health (London, England), 7(5), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.11.54
[11] Omura Y. (2005). Beneficial effects and side effects of DHEA: true anti-aging and age-promoting effects, as well as anti-cancer and cancer-promoting effects of DHEA evaluated from the effects on the normal and cancer cell telomeres and other parameters. Acupuncture & Electro-therapeutics Research, 30(3-4), 219–261. https://doi.org/10.3727
[12] Panjari, M., & Davis, S. R. (2007). DHEA therapy for women: effect on sexual function and wellbeing. Human Reproduction Update, 13(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dml055
[13] Razali, N. A., Sidi, H., Choy, C. L., Roos, N. A. C., Baharudin, A., & Das, S. (2022). The Role of Bupropion in the Treatment of Women with Sexual Desire Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Neuropharmacology, 20(10), 1941–1955. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X20666220222145735
[14] Segraves, R. T., Clayton, A., Croft, H., Wolf, A., & Warnock, J. (2004). Bupropion sustained release for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 339–342. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jcp.0000125686.20338.c1
[15] Simon, J. A., Thorp, J., & Millheiser, L. (2019). Flibanserin for Premenopausal Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials. Journal of Women’s Health (2002), 28(6), 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7516
[16] Singh, A. B., Lee, M. L., Sinha-Hikim, I., Kushnir, M., Meikle, W., Rockwood, A., Afework, S., & Bhasin, S. (2006). Pharmacokinetics of a testosterone gel in healthy postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1640
[17] Stanikova, D., Zsido, R. G., Luck, T., Pabst, A., Enzenbach, C., Bae, Y. J., Thiery, J., Ceglarek, U., Engel, C., Wirkner, K., Stanik, J., Kratzsch, J., Villringer, A., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Sacher, J. (2019). Testosterone imbalance may link depression and increased body weight in premenopausal women. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0487-5
[18] Sutherland, S. E., Rehman, U. S., & Goodnight, J. A. (2020). A Typology of Women with Low Sexual Desire. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 2893–2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01805-9
[19] West, S. L., D’Aloisio, A. A., Agans, R. P., Kalsbeek, W. D., Borisov, N. N., & Thorp, J. M. (2008). Prevalence of low sexual desire and hypoactive sexual desire disorder in a nationally representative sample of US women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168(13), 1441–1449. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.13.1441 [20] Wierman, M. E., & Kiseljak-Vassiliades, K. (2022). Should Dehydroepiandrosterone Be Administered to Women?. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 107(6), 1679–1685. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac130
The Gender Gap in Alzheimer’s: Why Women Are at Higher Risk
Jessica Luu May 2024
Picture yourself in a room surrounded by people. If each person were to raise their hand to indicate they have Alzheimer’s, you might notice that more women would raise their hands than men. This isn’t a coincidence. Surprisingly, almost two-thirds of Americans living with Alzheimer’s are women.[1] But why is this the case? To understand this gender gap, we need to look at various factors that make women more susceptible to this neurodegenerative disease.
One of the most prominent theories explaining the higher incidence of Alzheimer’s in women involves hormonal changes, particularly those associated with menopause. Estrogen, a hormone that declines sharply during menopause, is believed to play a protective role in brain health. Estrogen receptors are found throughout the brain, and this hormone is known to have neuroprotective properties, including reducing inflammation, promoting synaptic growth, and enhancing cerebral blood flow.[2] This dramatic loss of estrogen during menopause could therefore, make women more vulnerable to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Genetics: The Inherited Risk
Genetics also plays a critical role in the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. The presence of the APOE-e4 allele, a variant of apolipoprotein E gene, is a well-known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.[5]Interestingly, research shows that women who carry the APOE-e4 allele are at a higher risk compared to men with the same genetic variant. The reasons behind this heightened vulnerability are not entirely understood, but they may involve differences in how the gene interacts with female-specific factors, such as hormonal changes and other epigenetic mechanisms.[5]
Social and Lifestyle Factors
Women have historically been primary caregivers, which can lead to chronic stress—a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s. Chronic stress elevates cortisol levels, and prolonged exposure to cortisol can cause damage to the hippocampus (the brain region responsible for memory consolidation)[3]. Additionally, women are more likely to experience depression and anxiety,[4] both of which are linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. When you combine these mental health issues with the stress of caregiving and hormonal changes from menopause, it becomes clear why women are more disproportionately affected by the disease than men.
Building Resilience
However, there is hope. By understanding these factors, women can take proactive steps to reduce their risk:
Physical Activity: Engaging in regular exercises and strength training can increase blood flow to the brain and promote the health of brain cells, which may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s.[1]
Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can provide essential nutrients that support brain health and may prevent progression of Alzheimer’s.[6]
Mental Stimulation: Keeping your brain active with activities like reading, puzzles, learning new skills, and socializing may build up mental stamina, which in the long run, can delay the onset of Alzheimer’s symptoms. [1]
Quality Sleep: Try to get 7-9 hours of sleep per night, as quality sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and brain health.[1]
Ultimately, by incorporating these changes into one’s daily routine, women can enhance their overall well-being all while mitigating their risk of Alzheimer’s.
As we continue to research more about Alzheimer’s and its effect on women, advocating for greater awareness and support is essential. By doing so, we can ensure that women everywhere can live their life to fullest, today and for generations to come. Together, we can work towards a healthier and brighter future where Alzheimer’s is better understood, prevented, and ultimately cured.
References:
[1] Alzheimer’s Association. (2024). “Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.” Accessed 22 May 2024, Alzheimer’s Association. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
[2] Alzheimer’s Society. (n.d.). “Hormones and Dementia Risk.” Accessed 22 May 2024, Alzheimer’s Society. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/managing-the-risk-of-dementia
[3] Browning, M.E., Hocking, C., Hunter, M., Khan, Z., Middleton, C., (2022). “Increased Cortisol and Altered Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy. Accessed 22 May 2024. https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-022-01139-9
[4] Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research. (2020). “Depression Increases the Risk for Alzheimer’s.” ALZinfo.org. Accessed 22 May 2024.
[6] Robbins, R. (2020) “What to Eat to Reduce Your Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Harvard Health Blog. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/what-to-eat-to-reduce-your-risk-of-alzheimers-disease-20200508197 74
To Cast or Not Cast?: The Controversy Surrounding Fan-Casting Live-Action Rapunzel
Yashaswini Repaka May 2024
Avantika Vandanapu, an Indian American actress who played Karen Shetty in the musical adaptation of Mean Girls raised contentions when fan-casted as Rapunzel in the supposed live-action version of Tangled. This rumor has spiraled throughout TikTok’s platform, and Vandanapu became the subject of racist comments.
No live-action Tangled movie has been confirmed by Disney yet, but eager fan accounts claimed Avantika is a candidate for the role. As a result, TikTok users took the claims seriously:
One TikToker posted, “Rapunzel is a GERMAN folk story. Indians are not and never will be German,” (Venkataraman 2024).
Another post stated, “Rapunzel Is supposed to be a blonde white girl,” (@faithell.iott 2024).
Avantika also received hate comments in the comment sections of her Instagram posts, stating she wasn’t right for the role and wouldn’t be an authentic Rapunzel. Some also suggested that casting Indian women as Rapunzel would be like casting white actors for the roles of colored princesses such as Mulan and Tiana from Princess and the Frog.
Others argue Avantika is well-suited for the role: “tangled is the story of a brown girl. i said what i said,” (@shivaniranaa 2024).
Another posted, “All this racism and delusions for a movie that doesn’t exist,” (Venkataraman 2024).
Nevertheless, this news spun into debates regarding race, as many claim this as an instance of South Asian discrimination.
The origins of the Rapunzel story can be traced back to a rich tapestry of cultural and literary sources. The tale, popularized by the Brothers Grimm, is just one of the many iterations of a motif found in various folk traditions and oral narratives. In the Brothers Grimm adaptation, Rapunzel is depicted as having “splendid long hair, as fine as spun gold,” (Grimm 2019). In the
Disney adaptation of the tale, Rapunzel has emerald green eyes and the same golden hair magical, making it an integral component of the plot and expanding on the original storyline. Rapunzel’s evil stepmother Mother Gothel uses Rapunzel’s magical hair to obtain eternal youth. Interestingly enough, the Persian epic poem “Shahnameh” has a character by the name of Rudaba, who shares many similarities with Rapunzel (a young woman with long hair, confined in a tower) and that “included the first story to feature a woman lowering her hair to allow someone to climb up and gain entry to her home, and is traced back to have likely inspired the Rapunzel fairytale,” (Mohamed, Williams, Fattani 2021). This narrative has been found to extend across many cultures, including the Italian tale of “Petrosinella” by Giambattista Basile, which features Petrosinella, a character with a fate similar to Rapunzel’s: “Words are but wind,” answered the ogress; “I am not to be caught with such prattle; you have closed the balance-sheet of life, unless you promise to give me the child you bring forth, girl or boy, whichever it may be,” (H, Z. 2024). Petrosinella and the modern Rapunzel face the same fate of being taken captive by a witch because her parents had taken plants from that garden.
Many who oppose Avantika being cast for the role of Rapunzel claim her appearance is not reminiscent of the animated Disney version. Having South Asian roots, Avantika has long, black hair. However, this topic remains up for debate. Many people have expressed concern that the treatment of the South Asian community, in this situation, reflects wider issues of discrimination and prejudice. This incident has sparked important discussions about race relations and the need for greater awareness and understanding of different cultural backgrounds.
As a result, this minor post by fans has sparked outrage among TikTok users, causing controversies to ripple throughout the social media platform, and has left users contemplating the deeper meanings behind cultural representation.
References:
[1] H, Z. (2024, January 19). Petrosinella – An Italian Rapunzel Tale by Giambattista Basile. https://www.pookpress.co.uk/petrosinella-italian-tale-rapunzel/
